Sociology 339F Immigration and Employment http:www'utoronto'caethnicstudiesSOC339'html

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Sociology 339FImmigration and Employmenthttp//
www.utoronto.ca/ethnicstudies/SOC339.html

• Instructor Prof. Jeffrey G. Reitz
• Department of Sociology
• Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies
• Munk Centre for International Studies
• University of Toronto
• Fall, 2007

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Sociology 339FImmigration and EmploymentSession
9 November 6Children of immigrantsand the
second generation

• Readings
• Monica Boyd, Educational attainments of
  immigrant offspring success or segmented
  assimilation? International Migration Review,
  36(4), 2002 1037-1061.
• Krishna Pendakur and Ravi Pendakur, Colour my
  world have earnings gaps for Canadian-born
  ethnic minorities changed over time? Canadian
  Public Policy 28,4 (2002) 489-512.

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Agenda

• Definitions
• Questions and theories about the second
  generation
• Findings
• Children of European immigrants
• Children of non-European immigrants
• Demography
• U.S. second generation
• Canadian second generation
• Implications and issues

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Overall Summary

• Educational attainment of second generation
  visible minorities
• Well above average for native-born Canadians
  (Boyd 2002)
• Somewhat below the average for counterparts in US
  (Reitz and Zhang)
• Employment earnings of second generation visible
  minorities
• Somewhat above the average for mainstream
  population
• Somewhat below what would be expected based on
  education (a smaller discrimination effect than
  for immigrants
• Most convincing evidence of racial discrimination
  is for Blacks
• Discrimination effect about same in Canada and US
• Story of second generation employment
  integration, but not necessarily social
  integration
• Social inclusion, urban areas (Reitz and Banerjee
  2007)
• Employment implications? Job satisfaction?

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Definitions

• Usual official definition
• First generation foreign-born
• Second generation native-born children of
  foreign-born parents
• Third and higher generation native-born children
  of native-born parents
• Ambiguities
• Parental complexities second generation includes
  those with one native-born parent, as well as
  those with both parents foreign-born
• Age-of-arrival complexities
• Childhood immigrants, or 1.5 generation
  foreign-born arrived at an early age (usually 5
  or less sometimes 12 or less)

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Questions and Theoriesabout the Second Generation

• Harbinger of future?
• Reflects integration of minorities without
  immigrant entry effect
• Key group in studies of discrimination
• Influence of immigrant parents?
• Children as immigrants success criterion? Or
  Second generation rebellion?
• U.S. concern segmented assimilation?
• Which segment of society as end-point of
  integration majority or minority?
• Canadian concern racism in the schools?

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Determinants of integration for the immigrant
second generation
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Research FindingsChildren of European immigrants

• Rapid cultural assimilation
• Educational parity with native-born for most
  groups
• Retention of identity through community
  participation, heritage language instruction, etc.

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Research FindingsChildren of non-European
immigrants

• Demography
• Immigrants arrive since 1970
• Only 25 native-born, 2/3 of these under age 16,
  Most adults under 40
• Consider in context of change
• For most second generation, immigrant parents
  arrived in 70s and 80s
• Children of todays immigrants may have different
  experience
• Implications for harbinger of future argument?
• Research issues
• Small samples in representative surveys
• Available in 2000 Canadian census, U.S. Current
  Population Survey
• Fudge for earlier Canadian censuses, U.S. censuses

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Demography of non-European Second Generation
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Findings on Children of non-European immigrants
United States

• Mexicans low educational attainment (Portes and
  Rumbaut)
• Low education of parents
• Adverse situation of group
• Segmented assimilation? (Kasinitz, Mollenkopf
  Waters 2004)
• Many new black minorities do not identify with
  native-born blacks
• Overall educational success for most groups
  (Farley and Alba 2002)

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Findings on Children of non-European immigrants
Canada

• High educational attainment in most groups
  (Davies Guppy 1998)
• Comparable to immigrant parents, higher than
  Canadian norm
• Not controlled for age, urban residence
• High attainment relative to comparable mainstream
  group (Boyd 2002)
• All visible minorities together (SLID), no urban
  control
• Some variations by group, black disadvantage
  (Simmons Plaza 1998)
• Canada v. U.S. comparable outcomes by group
  (Reitz Zhang 2006)
• High overall educational success for visible
  minorities in both countries
• Despite lower occupational success
• Continued concentration in immigration cities

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Implications and Issues

• High education assimilation or separation?
• Explanation for group variations?
• Promoting inter-urban migration?
• Impact of institutional change?

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Second Generation Employment Success

• Harbinger of future more definitive than
  educational attainment
• Focus of studies of racial discrimination
• Research issues youth of second generation and
  career progression

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Findings on Children of non-European immigrants
Canada v. United States

• National comparison somewhat higher educational
  attainments for second generation minorities in
  the U.S.
• Despite lower occupational success for immigrant
  parents in the US
• Continued concentration in immigration cities
• Comparable educational attainments within
  immigration cities

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Data sources

• United States Current Population Surveys
• 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001 merged
• large mainstream samples, 2nd generation N
  Blacks 217, Chinese 110)
• 2003 to be added for increased sample size
• Canadian Census
• 1996 public use microdata file (PUMF)
• Large mainstream samples, 2nd generation N
  Blacks 798, Chinese 673)
• 2001 to be substituted for parental birthplace

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Generational change comparisons

• Mainstream population
• Older generation (aged 50) ? Younger
  mainstream (aged 25-39)
• /\
• 
  
• Immigrant groups \/
• Older immigrants (aged 50) ? Younger second
  generation (aged 25-39)

Compare Farley and Alba, 2002
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Educational attainment levels, US v. Canada
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Post-secondary categories below bachelors degree

• US
• Degree associate degree vocational or
  academic
• Non-degree some college
• Canada
• Degree Trade certificate or diploma
• Other non-university certificate or diploma
• University certificate or diploma below
  bachelors
• Non-degree Any program but no certificate or
  diploma

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Educational attainments within levels
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Educational attainment of the second generation,
aged 15-39 United States
Canada
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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Educational mobility of the second generation,
aged 25-39(bachelors degree only) United
States Canada
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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Populations in U.S. immigrant cities settled by
BlacksMainstream
Black Immigrants
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Populations in U.S. immigrant cities settled by
ChineseMainstream
Chinese Immigrants
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Urban settlement of second generation

• United States settlement cities for
• Whites
• Blacks
• Chinese

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Populations in Canadian immigrant
citiesMainstream
Black Immigrants
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Populations in Canadian immigrant
citiesMainstream
Chinese Immigrants
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Urban settlement of second generation

• Canadian settlement cities for
• Whites
• (No data)
• Blacks
• Chinese

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Educational attainment of the Black second
generation nationally and in immigration
citiesNational UrbanUS Canada US Canada
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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Educational mobility of the Black second
generation in immigration citiesUS CanadaMai
nstream Black origins Mainstream Black origins
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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Educational attainment of Chinese second
generation nationally and in immigration
citiesNational UrbanUS Canada US Canada
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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Educational mobility of the Chinese second
generation in immigration citiesUS CanadaMai
nstream Chinese origins Mainstream Chinese
origins
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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Education and earnings of the second generation
compared to mainstream, men United States
Canada
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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Education and earnings of the second generation
compared to mainstream, women United States
Canada
Source US CPS 1995-2001, Canada 1996 census
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Pendakur and Pendakur, CanadaRough agreement in
conclusions

• Examines earnings gaps for native-born visible
  minorities, after adjustments for human capital
  and other personal characteristics, time series
  1971-96
• Males blacks -36, South Asian -22, Greek, -19,
  Chinese 00
• Females blacks -22, South Asian -08, Creek, -4,
  Chinese 10
• Findings differ somewhat from Swidinsky and
  Swidensky (2002)
• Agreement disadvantages for black males.

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• Do Canada-U.S. differences in second generation
  arise from
• Segmented assimilation?
• Carry-over from immigrant generation?
• Other institutional differences?

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• Do Canada-U.S. differences in second generation
  arise from
• Segmented assimilation? No

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• Do Canada-U.S. differences in second generation
  arise from
• Segmented assimilation? No
• Ethnic differences remain
• Similar across contexts
• Segmented assimilation not affected by U.S.
  race relations

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• Do Canada-U.S. differences in second generation
  arise from
• Segmented assimilation? No
• Ethnic differences remain
• Similar across contexts
• Segmented assimilation not affected by U.S.
  race relations
• Carry-over from immigrant generation? No

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• Do Canada-U.S. differences in second generation
  arise from
• Segmented assimilation? No
• Ethnic differences remain
• Similar across contexts
• Segmented assimilation not affected by U.S.
  race relations
• Carry-over from immigrant generation? No
• Mainstream population sets educational standards
  in urban areas
• No segmentation by class cross-national and
  inter-urban variations in relative education and
  earnings have no effect

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• Do Canada-U.S. differences in second generation
  arise from
• Segmented assimilation? No
• Ethnic differences remain
• Similar across contexts
• Segmented assimilation not affected by U.S.
  race relations
• Carry-over from immigrant generation? No
• Mainstream population sets educational standards
  in urban areas
• No segmentation by class cross-national and
  inter-urban variations in relative education and
  earnings have no effect
• Other institutional differences? Yes

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• Do Canada-U.S. differences in second generation
  arise from
• Segmented assimilation? No
• Ethnic differences remain
• Similar across contexts
• Segmented assimilation not affected by U.S.
  race relations
• Carry-over from immigrant generation? No
• Mainstream population sets educational standards
  in urban areas
• No segmentation by class cross-national and
  inter-urban variations in relative education and
  earnings have no effect
• Other institutional differences? Yes
• urban concentration of second generation matters
• analogous to residential segregation

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Implications and Issues

• High education assimilation or separation?
• Earnings more discrimination in labour markets?
• Explanation for group variations?
• Promoting inter-urban migration?
• Impact of institutional change?

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New Stat-Can study released today

• Boris Palameta, Economic integration of
  immigrants children
• http//www.statcan.ca/bsolc/english/bsolc?catno75
  -001-XCHROPG1CMP82

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Sociology 339FImmigration and EmploymentNext
week Session 10 November 13Global cities and
other contexts of immigration

• Readings
• Saskia Sassen, The Global City New York,
  London, Tokyo. Princeton, NJ Princeton
  University Press, 1991, chap. 9, pp. 245-319.
• Jeffrey G. Reitz, Terms of Entry Social
  Institutions and Immigrant Earnings in American,
  Canadian and Australian Cities, pp. 50-81 in
  Globalization and the New City, ed. by M. Cross
  R. Moore, Macmillan, 2001.
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