Bio-Energy Utilization in Developing Countries: Past Experiences and Future Challenges

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Bio-Energy Utilization in Developing Countries
Past Experiences and Future Challenges

• A.K.M. Sadrul Islam
• Department of Mechanical Chemical Engineering
• Islamic University of Bangladesh (IUT), Dhaka,
  Bangladesh

Low Carbon Energy for Development
Past Experiences and Future Challenges, 4-5
April 2012, Loughborough University, U.K.
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Bio-Energy Use

• Biomass currently supplies about a third of the
  developing countries energy varying from about
  90 in countries like Uganda, Rawanda and
  Tanzania, to 60 in Bangladesh, 45 in India, 30
  in China and Brazil and 10-15 in Mexico and
  South Africa.
• More than 2.5 billion people (83 rural and 23
  urban) are solely depended on biomass energy
  WEO 2006.
• The increasing demand of energy implies that
  biomass energy will be with us forever.

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Applications of Bio-energy

• Mostly used as cooking fuel in developing
  countries
• Industrial use heating and steam generation
• Electricity generation
• As Transport Fuel

Cooking in household
Boiler operation in rice mill
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GLOBAL BIOENERGY SCENARIO

• Bio-energy share of global final energy
  consumption in 2009

Source www.ren21.net
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Sources of Bio-energy

• Agro-residues
• Waste biomass
• Energy crops
• Municipal Solid waste(MSW)
• Virgin wood from forest
• Aquatic biomass (Algae)

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• Agro- residue
• Waste biomass

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Agro-residue and waste biomass as traditional
fuel in Bangladesh (million tonne)
Source BBS 2008
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Improved Cook Stove
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Impact of the use of traditional stoves

• Traditional stoves cause serious indoor air
  pollution and the smoke is hazardous to health
  (e.g. eye ailment, bronchial diseases, headache,
  even cancer).
• According to the WHO Report, 2004 acute
  respiratory infections from indoor air pollution
  (IAP pollution from burning wood, animal dung
  and other biofuels) are estimated to kill a
  million children annually in developing
  countries, inflicting a particularly heavy toll
  on poor families in South Asia and Africa.
• Wastage of fuel (efficiency 5 - 10)
• Consumption of biomass
• Household 5 kg/day
• Bangladesh 40 50 million tons/year

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Improved cook stove (ICS)

• Efficiency 26-29
• Significant fuel saving about 50
• Reduction of indoor air pollution, especially
  for ICS with chimney
• Reduction of GHG emission (1.8 ton/ICS/year)
• Affordable to people
• High acceptance level as there is no need to
  change cooking habits, cooking utensils and
  cooking fuel
• Usable for all types of biomass available
• Locally available raw material for stove
  construction

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Challenges

• Rural women are used to using traditional Stoves
• Ego problem Every woman can build mud stove it
  is difficult for her to accept that other build
  better stove
• Not ready to pay for a similar mud stove that she
  can make
• Some do not accept the technical aspects
• Climbing on the roof to clean chimney is
  difficult and not well seen by the traditional
  society.
• Further improvement of stove will reduce the fuel
  consumption and improve IAQ.

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RICE HUSK
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World Rice Husk Production in 2009

• Total husk potential is 137 million tonnes

Source FAOSTAT
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Uses of Rice husk

• Boiler operation for parboiling
• Briquette fuel
• Electricity generation
• Cooking

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Comparison of traditional and improved rice
parboiling boiler
Traditional Boiler
Improved Boiler (GiZ)
Consumes 120 kg husk to boil each tonne of paddy
Consumes 49 kg husk to boil each tonne of paddy
Challenge About 2 million ton of rice husk
could be saved every year in Bangladesh if the
rice millers would adopt this improved rice
parboiling system. In doing so about 3.0 million
tonne of CO2 abatement could be achieved.
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Potential of electricity generation from rice husk
In GWh
Steam Turbine Steam Turbine Gasification Gasification
2010 2030 2010 2030
Reference 2134 3391 1366 2170
Scenario-1 2644 8356 1692 5348
Scenerio-2 2922 9704 1870 6210
CO2 abatement (million ton) CO2 abatement (million ton) CO2 abatement (million ton) CO2 abatement (million ton) CO2 abatement (million ton)
Reference 1.28 2.03 0.82 1.30
Scenerio-1 90 of traditional boilers are
replaced by efficient ones. Scenerio-2
Scenerio-1 plus 50 rice are unparboiled.
Source A.K.M. Sadrul Islam and M. Ahiduzzaman,
2012
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Bagasse
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Bagasse Production

• World
• Sugar cane production 1.7 billion tonne
• bagasse production 422 million tonne
• Bangladesh
• Sugar cane crushed in mills 2.6 million tonne
• Bagasse production 0.8 million tonne
• This bagasse is used for cogeneration (for
  process heat and electricity).
• In 14 sugar mills about 49 MWh electricity is
  generated per year.

Source http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane,
8.3.12
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Challenges

• Replacing the existing inefficient low pressure
  boiler turbine by high pressure Rankine cycle for
  combined CHP using condensing-extraction steam
  turbine would yield twice power. Zahid 2006
• Use of wet bagasse reduces the burning
  efficiency.
• Improved design could save feed stock and
  generate more electricity.
• CO2 emission can be brought down to half with the
  improved design.

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Biogas
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Biogas in Bangladesh

• Total no. installed 38, 765 familysized Dr.
  Eusuf 2011 New Age 29 Feb 2012
• Size 5 6 m3
• Fixed dome technology
• Mostly used for cooking purposes. A few are used
  for electricity generation.

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Biogas potential in Bangladesh
Raw materials Organic Fertilizer (million tons) Yearly gas production (million cubic meter)
Cow/Buffalo dung Poultry droppings Human excreta Garbage Water hyacinth Pressed mud Total 60.20 2.05 32.85 1.72 10.00 0.07 2971.10 191.60 1226.40 115.00 740.00 384.00 3628.10
http//www.buet.ac.bd/ces/nonconventional-energy.h
tm, accessed on 20.03.12
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Challenge Lack of proper biogas engine at local
market of Bangladesh

• Old Toyota car engines of 1500 cc capacity with a
  dynamo is used to produce electricity from
  biogas.
• The maximum output 7.5 kW.
• Biogas from the digester is fed into the engine
  only through a moisture filter unit to remove the
  moisture content in the gas.

Source Ashraf 2008
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Biofuel
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Second generation biofuel

• In Bangladesh and some other developing countries
  have a great potential of Second generation
  biofuel (non-food crop).
• Some non-food crops are
• Jatropha (Botanical name Jatropha cucas L)
• Castor (Botanical name Ricinus communis )
• Pithraj (Botanical name Aphanamixis polystachya
  )
• Karoch (Pongamiya pinata L.)

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Potential of Biofuel in Bangladesh

• Railway side, road side and some barren land can
  be used for plantation of trees for biofuel.
• 1.76 million ha is available for this (Aminul
  Islam 2008)

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Potential Bio-diesel Production

• Available land is 1.76 million ha. If 50 of this
  land is used for energy crop, then estimated
  production is Aminul Islam 2008
• Jatropha 1.19 mil ton/year
• Castor 0.15 mil ton/year
• Pithraj 1.04 mil ton/year
• Karoch 0.8 mil ton/year M M Rahman 2011

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Challenges

• Land crisis and population pressure.
• Food security.
• Lack of awareness.
• Lack of technical know-how.

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Rice Husk Briquette
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-First introduced in 1990 now there are over
1000 m/c-It replaces fuel wood and improves IAQ.
Biomass Briquetting in Bangladesh
Restaurant
Tea stall
Street food stall
12 kg/day
16 kg/day
114 kg/day
Household use
1 kg densified fuel 1.63 kg wood
2.5 kg/day
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Improvement of rice husk briquette production
technology
Briquette is coming out from new die-heater
Briquette prepared using die-stove instead of
electric heater

• Existing die heater is replaced by briquette
  stove to reduce electricity consumption in
  briquette production

Ahiduzzaman 2011
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Improvement of rice husk briquette production
technology
Briquette production rate, kg/h Briquette consumption in die stove, kg/tonne Electricity consumption, kWh/tonne CO2 abatement in comparison to wood fuel
Existing system 86 to 90 0 152 1110kg/ton
Improved system 88.87 75.77 79.33 1154kg/ton
Ahiduzzaman 2011
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Challenges

• Maintenance of briquette machines is a problem.
  The screw head needs frequent repair.
• It needs electricity that can be optimized by
  improved design.

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Wood fuel production and consumption
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Global production of wood fuel

• Source FAOSTAT

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Population and deforestation in Bangladesh

• Source World Bank 2012, NFA 2007, FRA 2000,
  FAOSTAT 2011

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Population and deforestation in Philippines

• Source J.C. Elauria et al (2003)

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Challenge How to combat deforestation?
-Introduction of rice husk briquette with the
excess amount of husk can reduce it.
Production of rice husk biquette, million tonne Quantity of wood fuel replaced by briquette, million tonne Reduction of CO2 emission, million tonne Reduction of deforestation, 000 hectare (ha)
3.00 4.90 7.8 25.41
Source M. Ahiduzzaman and A.K.M. Sadrul Islam,
2011
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Municipal Solid Waste
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Methane Emission from MSW landfill in Bangladesh
Urban Centers Annual DOC landfilled, 000 ton Methane Emission/yr Methane Emission/yr
000 ton CH4 106 m3 CH4
Dhaka city Chittagong city Khulna city Rajshahi city Other Municipalities 111.82 31.80 5.54 4.38 34.38 57.40 16.32 2.84 2.25 17.65 80.09 22.77 3.96 3.14 24.63
Total 187.92 96.46 134.59

• In Bangladesh, recovery of biogas from well
  designed MSW landfills has good potential.
• A supply of substitute fuel
• Reduction of GHG
• Sound disposal of waste

Source M. F. Ahmed 2003
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Aquatic Biomass (Algae)

• Algae does not affect fresh water resources, can
  be produced using ocean and wastewater, and are
  biodegradable and relatively harmless to the
  environment if spilled.
• Algae can yield between 10 and 100 times more
  energy per unit area than other second-generation
  biofuel crops.
• But it is very costly (US5000/ton)
• According to the Algal Biomass Organization algae
  fuel can reach price parity with oil in 2018 if
  granted production tax credits.

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Conclusions
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Challenges of bio-energy promotion in developing
countries

• Traditional use of biomass is often linked to
  degradation of forests and woodland resources as
  well as soil erosion.
• Traditional fuels leads to emissions of
  greenhouse gases and soot (black carbon) due to
  poor combustion. These emissions are believed to
  represent on the order of 5 of total global
  warming derived from human activities.
• The problems associated with traditional use of
  biomass are complex, as they are highly
  correlated with people's income levels, living
  habits, village structures and gender roles.
• Lack of awareness of bio-energy in public,
  industry, utility, financial institutions and
  policy-makers.

Sourcehttp//www.unep.fr/energy/bioenergy/issues
/traditional.htm
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Challenges

• Absent of favorable policy. This includes lack of
  financial incentives, legal regulatory framework
  for the market-oriented awareness, utilization,
  and commitment to encourage bio-energy
  development as well as promotion.
• Lack of standardization and quality control of
  technology.
• Lack of information about bio-energy resources,
  technical/economic information about
  technologies, equipment suppliers, and potential
  financiers.
• Promising 3rd generation biofuel from aquatic
  biomass (Algae) is almost absent in the
  developing counties. How to reduce the cost and
  transfer the know-how and technology to these
  countries is a great challenge.

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References

• www.wildaboutwriting.com
• Renewable 2010 Global Status Report, REN21
  Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st
  Century
• 2010 Survey of Energy Resources, World Energy
  Council
• EIA, International Energy Outlook 2010
• R. Arun Prasath- Renewable Energy in India- in
  German Alumni Expert Seminar, Jan 5-12, 2012
  Dhaka
• Md. Monwar Hasan Khan, Status Report on Renewable
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• Renewable Energy Status In Sri Lanka, Country
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  A.B.M. Aminul Islam 2008, Msc Thesis, SESAM, Univ
  of Flensburg, Germany
• Life cycle Assessment of Biofuel from Pongamia
  Pinnata(Karoch), by M M Rahman 2011, MSc Thesis,
  CREST, Loughborough University, U.K.
• http//www.sugarcanecrops.com/introduction/
  date11.03.2012
• Source http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane,
  8.3.12
• BSFIC Bangladesh Sugar and Food Industries
  Corporation
• The Potential of Electricity Generation from
  Poultry Waste in Bangladesh. A Case Study of
  Gazipur District, by Sheikh Ashraf Uz Zaman
  2007, Msc Thesis, SESAM, Univ of Flensburg,
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• http//www.mapsofworld.com, 13.12.09
• FAOSTAT 2011
• GiZ, 2012
• Dr. Khursheed-ul-Islam 2009
• www.reein.org

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Thank You
Q A