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Splash Screen
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Chapter Menu
Chapter Introduction Section 1 America Enters a
New Century Section 2 The War on Terrorism
Begins Section 3 The Invasion of Iraq Section
4 A Time of Challenges Visual Summary
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Chapter Intro
How Does the Passage of Time Affect the Way
Events Are Understood? As the United States
entered the twenty-first century, combating
terrorism at home and abroad became a national
priority. The attacks on the World Trade Center
and the Pentagon resulted in wars in Afghanistan
and Iraq. The wars as well as new security
policies led to great controversy in American
politics. What previous events in American
history have forced the nation to dramatically
change its policies and actions? How should
the United States respond to terrorism to
prevent it from happening again?
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Chapter Timeline
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Chapter Timeline
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Chapter Intro 1
America Enters a New Century When an elections
results are uncertain or disputed, how do you
think the problem should be resolved?
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Chapter Intro 2
The War on Terrorism Begins What challenges might
governments face in fighting terrorism?
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Chapter Intro 3
The Invasion of Iraq How do you think the United
States carries out its foreign policy?
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Chapter Intro 4
A Time of Challenges How might unexpected events
affect a countrys politics and government?
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Chapter Preview-End
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Section 1-Main Idea
Big Ideas Government and Society A very close
presidential election saw a shift in power in the
White House, as George W. Bush became the
forty-third President of the United States.
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Section 1-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary

• chad
• strategic defense

Academic Vocabulary

• priority
• controversial

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Section 1-Key Terms
People and Events to Identify

• Al Gore
• George W. Bush
• Ralph Nader

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Section 1-Polling Question
Do you think that standardized testing is a true
measure of your knowledge? A. Yes B. No

1. A
2. B

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Section 1
The Election of 2000
In one of the closest presidential races in
history, involving vote recounts and the Supreme
Court, George W. Bush became president.
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Section 1
The Election of 2000 (cont.)

• In the 2000 election, Republican George W. Bush
  ran against Democrat Al Gore.

• The campaign revolved around the question of what
  to do with surplus tax revenues.
• Ralph Nader entered the race as the nominee of
  the Green Party.

The Election of 2000
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Section 1
The Election of 2000 (cont.)

• The 2000 election was one of the closest in
  American history.

• The election came down to the Florida voteboth
  men needed its 25 electoral votes to win.
• The results in Florida were so close that state
  law required a recount of the ballots.

The Election of 2000
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Section 1
The Election of 2000 (cont.)

• The problem for vote counters was how to count a
  ballot if the chad was still partially attached.

• On November 26, Florida officials certified Bush
  the winner by 537 votes.

The Election of 2000
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Section 1
Nader was known for which of the following views?
A. Strong environmentalism B. Cutting
taxes C. Raising taxes D. Improving public
education

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 1
Bush Becomes President
George W. Bush supported the enactment of a tax
cut, the No Child Left Behind program, and a
strategic defense system.
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Section 1
Bush Becomes President (cont.)

• Once in office, Bush made the following changes

• Congress passed a large 1.35 trillion tax cut to
  be phased in over 10 years.
• He instituted the No Child Left Behind Act.
• He added prescription drug benefits to Medicare.

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Section 1
Bush Becomes President (cont.)

• Due to a rash of corporate scandals, Congress
  passed the Public Company Accounting Reform and
  Investor Protection Act.

• Bush strongly favored strategic defense.

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Section 1
Which reform in education did Congress refuse?
A. Paying for disadvantaged children to attend
private schools B. Giving federal funds to
private schools C. Giving more money to music
and art programs in public schools D. Paying
teachers a higher salary

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 1-End
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Section 2-Main Idea
Big Ideas Government and Society Acts of
terrorism against the United States prompted
George W. Bush to declare War on Terror.
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Section 2-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary

• terrorism
• state-sponsored terrorism
• anthrax

Academic Vocabulary

• resolve
• interpretation
• obtain

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Section 2-Key Terms
People and Events to Identify

• Osama bin Laden
• al-Qaeda

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Section 2-Polling Question
Do you feel that the United States is adequately
guarded against another terrorist attack?
A. Yes B. No

1. A
2. B

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Section 2
September 11, 2001
The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center
and the Pentagon shocked and alarmed Americans
almost immediately, combating terrorism became
the nations top priority.
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Section 2
September 11, 2001 (cont.)

• The attacks of 9/11 killed all 266 passengers and
  crewmembers on the four hijacked planes.

• Another 125 people died in the Pentagon.
• In New York City, nearly 3,000 people died.

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Section 2
September 11, 2001 (cont.)

• On September 14, Bush declared a national
  emergency.

• Intelligence sources and the FBI quickly
  identified the attacks as the work of Osama bin
  Laden and his organization, al-Qaeda.
• The attacks were acts of terrorism.

Major Terrorist Attacks Involving Al-Qaeda,
19932006
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Section 2
September 11, 2001 (cont.)

• The reasons that Middle Eastern terrorists have
  targeted Americans are as follows

• For supporting the wealthy Middle Eastern
  kingdoms and families through the oil industry
• For spreading Western ideas and threatening
  traditional values
• For supporting Israel

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Section 2
September 11, 2001 (cont.)

• Middle East nations realized they could fight
  Israel and the U.S. by providing terrorists with
  money, weapons, and trainingcalled
  state-sponsored terrorism.

• Osama bin Laden founded al-Qaeda in 1988.
• In 1998 he called on Muslims to kill Americans.

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Section 2
September 11, 2001 (cont.)

• Al-Qaeda made several terrorist attacks

• They set off bombs at the American embassies in
  Kenya and Tanzania.
• In 1999, terrorists were arrested while trying to
  smuggle explosives into the U.S. in an attempt to
  bomb Seattle.
• In October 2000, they crashed a boat loaded with
  explosives into the USS Cole.

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Section 2
September 11, 2001 (cont.)

• On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda struck again.

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Section 2
More Americans were killed in the attacks of
September 11, 2001 than died at Pearl Harbor or
on D-Day in World War II. A. True B. False

1. A
2. B

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Section 2
A New War Begins
The war on terrorism involved halting terrorists
access to funding and launching a war in
Afghanistan.
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Section 2
A New War Begins (cont.)

• One effective way to fight terrorist groups is to
  cut off their funding.

• On September 24, President Bush issued an
  executive order freezing the financial assets of
  several individuals and groups suspected of
  terrorism.
• President Bush created a new federal agencythe
  Office of Homeland Security.

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Section 2
A New War Begins (cont.)

• In October 2001, Bush signed the USA Patriot
  Actan antiterrorist bill.

• In June 2002, Bush asked Congress to combine all
  of the agencies responsible for the publics
  safety into a new department called the
  Department of Homeland Security.

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Section 2
A New War Begins (cont.)

• Terrorists also used the mail to spread anthrax.

• The FBI began investigating the attack, but no
  suspects were arrested.
• On October 7, 2001, the U.S. began bombing
  al-Qaedas camps and the Talibans military
  forces in Afghanistan.

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Section 2
A New War Begins (cont.)

• Bush claimed that the war on terrorism would
  continue until victory was achieved.

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Section 2
The USA Patriot Act permits the following actions
EXCEPT A. Conducting secret searches to avoid
tipping off suspects B. Obtaining a nation wide
search warrant usable in any jurisdiction C. For
cing terrorist suspects to stand trial in the
United States D. Tracking Internet communications
and seizing voice mail

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 2-End
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Section 3-Main Idea
Big Ideas Trade, War, and Migration In an effort
to fight terrorism, the United States launched
attacks in both Afghanistan and Iraq.
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Section 3-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary

• weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

Academic Vocabulary

• inspector
• significantly
• eliminate

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Section 3-Key Terms
People and Events to Identify

• Northern Alliance
• Khalid Shaikh Mohammed
• axis of evil
• Saddam Hussein

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Section 3-Polling Question
Should United States military forces leave Iraq?
A. Yes B. No

1. A
2. B

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Section 3
The War on Terror Continues
After forcing Taliban leaders in Afghanistan to
flee, the United States and its allies sent more
troops as peacekeepers and worked to create a
stable and democratic government.
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Section 3
The War on Terror Continues (cont.)

• Less than a month after the September 11 attacks,
  the United States launched a war in Afghanistan
  with the goal of bringing down the Taliban regime
  that had sheltered Osama bin Laden and other
  members of al-Qaeda.

The Global War on Terror, 20012007
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Section 3
The War on Terror Continues (cont.)

• While American warplanes bombed the Talibans
  forces, the United States began sending military
  aid to the Northern Alliance.

• In December 2001, the Taliban government
  collapsed, and surviving Taliban fled to the
  mountains of Afghanistan.

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Section 3
The War on Terror Continues (cont.)

• In 2003 NATO took command of peacekeeping in
  Afghanistan.

• Despite many successes, Afghanistan continues to
  suffer from violence.
• Osama bin Laden remains at large in the
  mountainous region of Warizistan.
• Since 2001 the United States and its allies have
  continued their worldwide hunt for al-Qaeda
  members.

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Section 3
The War on Terror Continues (cont.)

• In 2003 Pakistan and the U.S. captured Khalid
  Shaikh Mohammedone of the highest-ranking
  members of al-Qaeda.

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Section 3
Who was elected president of Afghanistan in 2004?
A. Saddam Hussein B. Hamid Karzai C. Donald
Rumsfeld D. Colin Powell

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 3
Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction
Concern that Iraq might be producing WMDs that
could be given to terrorists led to an ultimatum.
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Section 3
Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction (cont.)

• After 9/11, President Bush and his advisers were
  deeply concerned that terrorist groups might
  acquire weapons of mass destruction.

• In his State of the Union speech in 2002,
  President Bush warned that an axis of evil made
  up of Iraq, Iran, and North Korea posed a grave
  threat to the world.
• Soon after the American election in 2002, the UN
  approved a new resolution.

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Section 3
Iraq and Weapons of Mass Destruction (cont.)

• If Saddam Hussein wanted peace he would have to
  do the following

• Give up Iraqs weapons of mass destruction
• Readmit the UN weapons inspectors
• Stop supporting terrorism
• Stop oppressing his people

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Section 3
Which axis of evil nation is believed to be the
most immediate danger? A. Iraq B. Iran C. North
Korea

1. A
2. B
3. C

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Section 3
Confronting Iraq
Coalition forces defeated the Iraqi military, but
then factions in Iraq took up arms against
coalition forces and each other.
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Section 3
Confronting Iraq (cont.)

• By March 2003, the weapons inspectors still found
  nothing, and the U.S. began pressuring the UN to
  authorize the use of force against Iraq.

• As war became imminent, world opinion divided
  between those who supported the United States and
  those who did not.

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Section 3
Confronting Iraq (cont.)

• On March 20, 2003, the U.S.-led coalition forces
  attacked Iraq.

• Saddam Hussein was captured in late 2003 and
  executed in 2006.
• The quick victory did not end the fighting.

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Section 3
Confronting Iraq (cont.)

• Having gone to war in Iraq to overthrow a tyrant
  and eliminate the possibility of weapons of mass
  destruction being given to terrorists, the U.S.
  found itself trying to suppress an insurgency,
  prevent a civil war, and establish a new Iraqi
  government.

• If America pulled troops out too soon, Iraq might
  fall into civil war and provide a safe haven and
  breeding ground for terrorist groups.

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Section 3
Confronting Iraq (cont.)

• The longer the U.S. stayed, the more its presence
  might stir resentment and support for the
  terrorist groups.

• The best solution seemed to be to get a
  functioning and democratic Iraqi government up
  and running as fast as possible and then train
  its forces to take over the security of the
  country.

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Section 3
Which of the following countries supported Bushs
decision to go to war with Iraq? A. France
B. Russia C. Canada D. Turkey E. None of the
above

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. E

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Section 3-End
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Section 4-Main Idea
Big Ideas Government and Society During
President Bushs second term, the Republicans
faced scandal and a national disaster that led to
the Democrats gaining control of Congress in
2007.
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Section 4-Key Terms
Content Vocabulary

• earmark

Academic Vocabulary

• monitor
• procedure

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Section 4-Key Terms
People and Events to Identify

• Abu Ghraib
• Guantanamo Bay
• National Security Agency (NSA)
• John G. Roberts, Jr.
• Samuel Alito, Jr.
• Nancy Pelosi

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Section 4-Polling Question
Should the Geneva Conventions apply to the
prisoners held at Guantanamo Bay? A. Yes B. No

1. A
2. B

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Section 4
The Election of 2004
After a campaign that centered on the war in Iraq
and the war on terror, Bush was reelected.
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Section 4
The Election of 2004 (cont.)

• Bushs approval rating began to fall due to many
  events

• the long war in Iraq
• failure to capture Osama bin Laden
• failure of the inspectors to find any weapons in
  Iraq
• the scandal of Abu Ghraib

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Section 4
The Election of 2004 (cont.)

• Bush narrowly beat John Kerry in the 2004
  election.

The Election of 2004
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Section 4
Which of the following candidates promised to
raise taxes on the wealthy to fund wider health
care coverage and strengthen Social
Security? A. Bush B. Kerry

1. A
2. B

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Section 4
Security vs. Liberty
The Supreme Court rejected President Bushs
interpretation of the rights and legal status of
prisoners at Guantanamo Bay.
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Section 4
Security vs. Liberty (cont.)

• In 2004 President Bush decided to hold captured
  members of al-Qaeda at the American military base
  in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

• The Supreme Court disagreed with the
  administrations decisions about the prisoners.

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Section 4
Security vs. Liberty (cont.)

• In negotiations with Congress, the president
  agreed that prisoners would have the right to see
  the evidence against them, and any evidence
  obtained by torture would be inadmissible.

• Bush also agreed to uphold the Geneva Conventions.

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Section 4
Security vs. Liberty (cont.)

• As part of the war on terror, the National
  Security Agency (NSA) expanded its practice of
  monitoring overseas telephone calls.

• In August 2006, a federal judge declared the
  warrantless wiretapping to be unconstitutional.

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Section 4
Why did Bushs administration decide that the
prisoners at Guantanamo Bay did not have the
right to appeal their detentions to an American
court? A. The prisoners were not U.S.
citizens. B. The prisoners were illegal enemy
combatants. C. The prisoners were not part of
any nations armed forces. D. All of the above

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 4
A Stormy Second Term
Bush appointed two new Supreme Court justices
his second term was marred by a hurricane, the
ongoing war, and scandals.
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Section 4
A Stormy Second Term (cont.)

• Although Bushs plan to reform Social Security
  failed, he did convince Congress to enact a new
  prescription drug program for seniors.

• Early in Bushs second term, two vacancies
  occurred on the U.S. Supreme Court, enabling him
  to move the Court in a more conservative
  direction.
• Bush nominated John G. Roberts, Jr. and Samuel
  Alito, Jr.

80
Section 4
A Stormy Second Term (cont.)

• On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina smashed
  into the Gulf Coast of the United States,
  spreading devastation from Florida to Louisiana.

• After the hurricane passed, rising waters
  breached the levees that protected New Orleans.
• To the public, President Bush, the mayor of New
  Orleans, the governor of Louisiana, and the
  Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) all
  responded inadequately.

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Section 4
A Stormy Second Term (cont.)

• Only the Coast Guard seemed able to act quickly.

82
Section 4
A Stormy Second Term (cont.)

• Many voters quickly grew disenchanted with the
  Republican majority in Congress for four reasons

• Federal spending rose rapidly
• The ongoing cost of the war in Iraq
• Both Republicans and Democrats added earmarks
  to spending bills.
• A series of scandals

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Section 4
A Stormy Second Term (cont.)

• The mounting violence in Iraq led a majority of
  Americans to conclude they no longer approved of
  the presidents handling of the war.

• When Republicans rejected a timetable and
  supported the president, they turned the
  congressional elections of 2006 into a referendum
  on the war.
• The Democrats won a majority in both the House
  and the Senate for the first time since 1992.

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Section 4
A Stormy Second Term (cont.)

• House Democrats then elected California
  Representative Nancy Pelosi to be the first
  female Speaker of the House of Representatives.

• The president announced a new plan to surge
  some 20,000 more troops to Iraq to restore order
  in Baghdad.

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Section 4
A Stormy Second Term (cont.)

• Led by Nancy Pelosi and John Murtha, House
  Democrats passed a resolution opposing the
  strategy and began searching for ways to force
  the president to set a deadline for pulling
  troops out of Iraq.

• By spring 2007, the ultimate outcome was still
  uncertain.

86
Section 4
Whose name did President Bush withdraw from the
Supreme Court nomination? A. Harriet Miers
B. Condoleezza Rice C. David Petraeus D. Robert
Gates

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D

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Section 4-End
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VS 1
Causes of the Attacks of 9/11

• The rise of the oil industry in the Middle East
  makes many elites wealthy but leaves many people
  poor and resentful.
• The oil trade with Europe and the United States
  brings Western ideas and culture into the Middle
  East many feel their traditional Muslim values
  are being undermined and militant Muslim
  movements form.

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VS 2
Causes of the Attacks of 9/11

• The founding of Israel in 1948 angers many
  Arabs, especially Palestinians. European and
  American support for Israel angers many in the
  Middle East.
• The Soviets invade Afghanistan in 1979 Muslims
  from across the Middle East, including Osama bin
  Laden, go to fight the Soviet troops.
• Osama bin Laden forms al-Qaeda to help drive the
  Soviets out of Afghanistan and all Westerners out
  ofthe Middle East.

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VS 3
Causes of the Attacks of 9/11

• Iraq invades Kuwait leading to the deployment of
  American troops in Saudi Arabia, angering Muslim
  militants, including Osama bin Laden.
• The Soviet pullout from Afghanistan leads to a
  militant group, the Taliban, taking power and
  offering aid and shelter to bin Laden.
• Al-Qaeda, based in Afghanistan, stages a series
  of attacks on Americans, culminating in the
  attack on September 11, 2001.

91
VS 4
Effects of the Attacks of 9/11

• Initially, the 9/11 attack unifies Americans and
  leads to an outpouring of support to the people
  of New York.
• President Bush declares a global war on terror to
  put an end to terrorist groups that threaten
  Americans.
• The United States launches attacks on the
  Taliban and helps local forces overthrow their
  regime. NATO troops then enter Afghanistan to
  serve as peacekeepers.

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VS 5
Effects of the Attacks of 9/11

• Congress passes the Patriot Act giving the FBI
  additional powers to help prevent another attack
  in the United States.
• Congress creates the Department of Homeland
  Security.
• The Bush administration decides that preventing
  terrorist groups from getting weapons of mass
  destruction is a high priority.

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VS 6
Effects of the Attacks of 9/11

• The United States, backed by a coalition of
  allies, invades Iraq to destroy its weapons of
  mass destruction.
• The invasion of Iraq is controversial many
  traditional allies do not support it, and it
  divides the American people.
• An insurgency begins in Iraq that keeps American
  troops fighting for several years.

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VS-End
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Figure 1
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Figure 2
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Figure 3
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Figure 3a
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Figure 4
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Vocab1
chad a small piece of cardboard produced by
punching a data card
109
Vocab2
strategic defense a plan to develop missiles and
other devices that can shoot down nuclear
missiles before they hit the United States
110
Vocab3
priority highest or higher in importance
111
Vocab4
controversy a prolonged public dispute
112
Vocab5
terrorism the use of violence by
non-governmental groups against civilians to
achieve a political goal by instilling fear and
frightening governments into changing policies
113
Vocab6
state-sponsored terrorism violent acts against
civilians that are secretly supported by a
government in order to attack other nations
without going to war
114
Vocab7
anthrax a bacteria used to create biological
weapons
115
Vocab8
resolve to come to an agreement
116
Vocab9
interpretation the act or process of explaining
or telling the meaning of
117
Vocab10
obtain to gain possession of
118
Vocab11
weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
weaponsincluding nuclear, chemical, and
biologicalthat can kill large numbers of people
all at once
119
Vocab12
inspector a person appointed to examine foreign
facilities, usually in search of weapons
120
Vocab13
significantly to affect something enough to be
of some importance
121
Vocab14
eliminate to remove or get rid of
122
Vocab15
earmark specifications added by both Republicans
and Democrats for the expenditure of federal
money for particular projects
123
Vocab16
monitor to observe, oversee, or regulate
124
Vocab17
procedure a particular way of conducting or
engaging in an activity
125
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