Collecting Gender Data on Access to and Ownership of Economic Assets

1
Collecting Gender Data on Access to and Ownership
of Economic Assets

• Lucia Fort
• The World Bank
• August 9, 2007

2
Presentation Outline

• Key Conceptual and Methodological Issues
• Asset Ownership and Control
• Gender Dimensions of Asset Ownership
• Gender Asset Data status and suggestions
• Gender asset gaps data issues and evidence
• Asset Data collected at the Household and
  Individual Levels
• Suggestions for improving data collection for
  gender analysis
• Additional data sources
• Gender Asset Data Collection in Practice
• Improving LSMS and other major survey
  questionnaires
• Draft module Individual Asset Questionnaire
• Incorporating individual level asset questions
  into existing surveys the 2000 Guatemala LSMS
  questionnaire

3
Asset Ownership and Control

• Assets are defined as,
• stocks of financial, human, natural or social
  resources that can be acquired, developed,
  improved and transferred across generations,
• They include
• financial assets, land, livestock, housing,
• non-farm business assets
• other physical assets such as vehicles and
• culturally specific valued items.

Key Conceptual and Methodological Issues
4
Asset Ownership and Control

• Assets serve two main functions
• as social safety net -- strengthen households
  ability to cope with aggregate shocks (financial
  crises, natural disasters) and idiosyncratic
  shocks (divorce, illness, or death).
• as an income generating mechanismproviding
  productive capacity, ensuring access to credit,
  capital, etc.
• Asset inequality, combined with market failures,
  leads to differential productivity between those
  who own assets and those who do not, which
  creates poverty and inequality traps.
• There is a correlation between ownership and
  control of assets and vulnerability
• ? More ownership and control of assets ?
  less vulnerability
• ? Less ownership and control of assets ?
  more vulnerability

Key Conceptual and Methodological Issues
5
Gender Dimensions of Asset Ownership

• Women are less likely than men to own and control
  assets, especially productive assets
• Men and women often own different types of
  assets
• Channels for acquiring assets can also reflect
  differences by gender. Even within the household,
  women may not benefit by assets owned and
  controlled by men
• Social norms, intra-family arrangements and civil
  codes can limit the ownership and control of
  assets by women (i.e. inheritance laws) and
• Lack of ownership and control of assets results
  in greater poverty and economic vulnerability for
  women, especially in the event of a divorce or
  the death of the husband.

Key Conceptual and Methodological Issues
6
Gender Dimensions of Asset Ownership
Status of Legislation on Womens Rights to Land, Housing and other Property (2005) Status of Legislation on Womens Rights to Land, Housing and other Property (2005) Status of Legislation on Womens Rights to Land, Housing and other Property (2005) Status of Legislation on Womens Rights to Land, Housing and other Property (2005) Status of Legislation on Womens Rights to Land, Housing and other Property (2005) Status of Legislation on Womens Rights to Land, Housing and other Property (2005)
Chile Egypt Ghana India Vietnam
Gender-based discrimination is prohibited S Yes C No S Yes, with exceptions S Yes S Yes
Womens equal rights to own land and housing S Yes S No S Yes C No S Yes S Yes
Gender equality in household representation and management S No S No S No C No S No S Yes
Joint titling of land required No No No No S No
S Statutory Law, C Customary Law Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. S Statutory Law, C Customary Law Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. S Statutory Law, C Customary Law Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. S Statutory Law, C Customary Law Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. S Statutory Law, C Customary Law Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. S Statutory Law, C Customary Law Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein.
Key Conceptual and Methodological Issues
7
Gender Dimensions of Asset Ownership
Men and women acquire land through different
channels
Form of Acquisition of Land Ownership in Latin America () Form of Acquisition of Land Ownership in Latin America () Form of Acquisition of Land Ownership in Latin America () Form of Acquisition of Land Ownership in Latin America () Form of Acquisition of Land Ownership in Latin America () Form of Acquisition of Land Ownership in Latin America () Form of Acquisition of Land Ownership in Latin America () Form of Acquisition of Land Ownership in Latin America ()
  Inheritance Community State Market Other Total Sample size
Brazil              
Women 54.2 -- 0.6 37.4 7.8 100 4,345
Men 22 -- 1 73.1 3.9 100 34,593
Ecuador              
Women 42.5 -- 5 44.9 7.6 100 497
Men 34.5 -- 6.5 43.3 15.6 100 1,593
Mexico              
Women 81.1 1.8 5.3 8.1 3.7 100 512
Men 44.7 14.8 19.6 12 8.9 100 2,547
Peru              
Women 75.2 1.9 5.2 16.4 1.3 100 310
Men 48.7 6.3 12.4 26.6 6 110 1,512
Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein.
Key Conceptual and Methodological Issues
8
Gender Asset Gaps Data issues

• To understand gender patterns of asset ownership,
  it is important to know both the proportion of
  men and women who own a particular asset, as well
  as the value of the assets.
• Most data on assets are collected only at the
  household level leading to an incomplete or
  partial understanding of individual-level
  ownership patterns.
• Few studies
• examine the gender dimensions of asset ownership
  at the micro or macro levels. One reason is the
  lack of empirical information on the distribution
  of wealth and property by sex
• collect information on the full set of financial
  and physical assets
• examine whether assets are owned individually or
  jointly, how assets were acquired, what is their
  current value, and the rights that individuals
  have over each type of asset.

Gender Asset Data
9
Gender Asset Gaps evidence

• Land Ownership Women are less likely to own
  land, and their plots are likely to be smaller
  and of poorer quality than mens.
• In Cameroon, over 75 of the agricultural work is
  done by women, but women hold less than 10 of
  land certificates.
• Housing Rarely do surveys asks which household
  member(s) owns the dwelling and/or who has title
  to the house
• In Nicaragua, women owned 44 of owned
  residences, men owned 50, and 6 were held
  jointly by both spouses (2001 ENHMNV).
• Livestock Ownership A general pattern is for men
  to own large livestock (particularly work
  animals) while women own smaller livestock and
  yard animals.
• In Nicaragua, men owned 23 of livestock and
  women owned 37. However, women were more likely
  to own pigs and poultry, while men were more
  likely to own donkeys, horses and cattle.

Gender Asset Data
10
Gender Asset Gaps evidence

• Business Assets Not much research has focused on
  gender gaps.
• Research in Ghana found that although women were
  more likely to own business assets, the mean
  value of the assets owned by men was much higher
  than that owned by women.
• In Nicaragua, women owned 49 of household
  businesses and men only 37.
• Financial Assets Research on pensions reveals
  that
• men are more likely to hold jobs that provide
  access to pensions, and
• among those with pensions, average pensions are
  larger for men than for women.
• There has been little research on other financial
  assets owned by men and women.
• Other Physical Assets Women and men own other
  physical assets such as vehicles, jewelry and
  culturally specific items. These types of assets
  may differ by gender.
• ? A UNICEF/IFPRI, UDS survey in Savelugu
  and Nanton Districts in Ghana
• showed that men were more likely than
  women to own bicycles, cars or
• motorcycles.

Gender Asset Data
11
Household and Individual Level Data on Assets

• Surveys such as the Living Standards Measurement
  Survey, LSMS, capture more data at the household
  level than at the individual level, but Household
  level data do not allow an understanding of
  individual welfare or household dynamics.
• Individual level data on assets provide a more
  dynamic perspective about
• who owns and controls the asset
• whether all benefits derived from the asset are
  shared (equally) among household members and
• what happens to an asset over time (i.e.,
  inheritance practices).
• A review of 73 LSMS and quasi-LSMS household
  questionnaires reveals that
• most LSMS collected data on ownership of land,
  livestock and housing
• and data on other physical assets such as
  consumer durables and vehicles,
• but fewer collect data on business and financial
  assets.

Gender Asset Data
12
Household Level Data on Assets

• A review of 73 LSMS and quasi-LSMS household
  questionnaires reveals that most of the LSMS
  collected data on ownership of land, livestock
  and housing

Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires
Asset Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia the Pacific East Asia the Pacific Europe Central Asia Europe Central Asia Middle East North Africa Middle East North Africa Total Total
  of total of total of total of total of total of total
Land 27 69 10 100 7 88 13 100 3 100 60 82
Livestock 26 67 9 90 8 100 13 100 3 100 59 81
Housing 37 95 10 100 8 100 13 100 2 67 70 96
Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein.
Gender Asset Data
13
Household Level Data on Assets

• as well as data on other physical assets such as
  consumer durables and vehicles.

Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires
Asset Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia the Pacific East Asia the Pacific Europe Central Asia Europe Central Asia Middle East North Africa Middle East North Africa Total Total
  of total of total of total of total of total of total
Other Physical
-Consumer durables 39 100 9 90 8 100 13 100 3 100 72 99
-Vehicles 36 92 8 80 8 100 13 100 3 100 68 93
-Other (real estate, jewelry) 25 64 7 70 7 88 12 92 3 100 54 74
Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein.
Gender Asset Data
14
Household Level Data on Assets

• but fewer collect data on business and financial
  assets.

Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Household Level LSMS questionnaires
Asset Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia the Pacific East Asia the Pacific Europe Central Asia Europe Central Asia Middle East North Africa Middle East North Africa Total Total
  of total of total of total of total of total of total
Business
-Farm Equip. 19 49 7 70 7 88 11 85 3 100 47 64
-Non-Agric. 12 31 8 80 4 50 10 77 3 100 37 51
Financial
-Savings 19 49 9 90 5 63 7 54 1 33 41 56
-Stocks 11 28 2 20 2 25 3 23 0 18 25
-Pension inc. 37 95 8 80 6 75 10 77 3 100 64 88
-Rent, interest dividends 39 100 7 70 5 63 11 85 3 100 65 89
Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein.
Gender Asset Data
15
Individual Level Data on Assets

• In comparison to household level data, fewer LSMS
  questionnaires collect individual level data on
  assets.
• Only 22, 7 and 21 of the LSMS questionnaires
  collected individual level data on land,
  livestock and housing, respectively, while 82,
  81 and 96 LSMS questionnaires did so at the
  household level.
• Over 40 collected data on financial assets,
  specifically on pension income and rent, interest
  and dividends, but
• Fewer LSMS questionnaires collected data on
  business and other physical assets at the
  individual level.

Gender Asset Data
16
Individual Level Data on Assets

• LSMS questionnaires In comparison to household
  level data, fewer LSMS questionnaires collect
  individual level data on assets.
• Only 22, 7 and 21 LSMS questionnaires collected
  individual level data on land, livestock and
  housing, respectively, while 82, 81 and 96 LSMS
  questionnaires did so at the household level.

Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires
Asset Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia the Pacific East Asia the Pacific Europe Central Asia Europe Central Asia Middle East North Africa Middle East North Africa Total Total
of total of total of total of total of total of total
Land 12 31 1 10 1 13 1 8 1 33 16 22
Livestock 4 10 0 1 13 0 0 5 7
Housing 11 28 0 2 25 2 15 0 15 21
Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein.
Gender Asset Data
17
Individual Level Data on Assets

• Fewer LSMS questionnaires collected data on
  business and other physical assets

Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires
Asset Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia the Pacific East Asia the Pacific Europe Central Asia Europe Central Asia Middle East North Africa Middle East North Africa Total Total
of total of total of total of total of total of total
Business
-Farm Eq. 1 3 0 0 0 0 1 1
-Non-Agric. 6 15 3 30 0 2 15 0 11 14
Other Physical Other Physical
-Consumer durables 6 15 0 0 0 0 6 8
-Vehicles 4 10 0 0 0 0 4 5
-Other 2 5 0 1 13 0 0 3 4
Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein.
Gender Asset Data
18
Individual Level Data on Assets

• but over 40 collected data on financial assets,
  specifically on pension income and rent, interest
  and dividends.

Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires Incidence of Questions on Assets, Individual Level LSMS questionnaires
Asset Latin America Caribbean Latin America Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa East Asia the Pacific East Asia the Pacific Europe Central Asia Europe Central Asia Middle East North Africa Middle East North Africa Total Total
of total of total of total of total of total of total
Financial
-Savings 4 10 4 40 0 0 0 8 11
-Stocks 1 3 2 20 0 0 0 3 4
-Pension income 33 85 3 30 1 13 4 31 1 33 42 58
-Rent, interest dividends 27 69 2 20 0 1 8 1 33 31 42
Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein. Source Source Doss, Grown and Deere (2007), based on data cited therein.
Gender Asset Data
19
Suggestions for Improving Data Collection for
Gender Analysis

• Land Collect individual level data on land
  access, ownership, titling and management at the
  plot level and by sex.
• Livestock Collect individual level data on
  livestock ownership and management .
• Housing Collect household and individual level
  data on ownership, titling, and rights over the
  dwelling by sex.

Gender Asset Data
20
Improving Data Collection for Gender Analysis

• Business Assets Collect individual level data on
  business asset ownership and management.
• Savings and Other Financial Assets Collect
  individual level data on ownership of bank
  accounts, stocks and bonds, and rents, interest
  and dividends by sex.
• Other Physical Assets Collect individual level
  data on ownership of consumer durables and
  culturally specific items (i.e. real estate,
  vehicles, jewelry).

Gender Asset Data
21
Individual Asset Questionnaire

• Proposed self-standing questionnaire to collect
  household and individual level data on
• housing (28 questions)
• land (28 questions)
• livestock (8 questions)
• non-farm business assets (8 questions)
• other physical assets (8 questions)
• financial assets (4 questions)
• debt and credit (8 questions)
• extraordinary losses (10 questions)
• conflict over assets (6 questions)
• marital and inheritance regimes (21 questions)
  and
• knowledge and attitudes about property rights (9
  questions).

Gender Asset Data Collection in Practice
22
Individual Asset Questionnaire
Housing Housing Housing Housing
Do you own this dwelling yourself or jointly with someone else? How did you acquire the house/lot? What year did you acquire the dwelling? If you were to sell this dwelling/lot, who would be entitled to keep the money?
Land Land Land Land
Do you have access to this land? Do you own this land jointly or with someone else? Who makes decisions about what crops to plant on the agricultural and? With regard to this land, can you sell it?
Livestock Livestock Livestock Livestock
How many animals belong to you individually? For how much could you sell one today? How did you acquire them? If you sell them, do you keep the revenue?
Non-farm business assets Non-farm business assets Non-farm business assets Non-farm business assets
Are you involved with the business in any way? Are you an owner of the business? Individual or joint ownership? How was the business acquired?
Other physical assets Other physical assets Other physical assets Other physical assets
Do you own this asset? How was the asset acquired? What is the value if you were to sell it today? Can you use the asset as collateral?
Financial assets Financial assets Financial assets Financial assets
Do you yourself have any money in (savings, stocks, bonds, etc.) Is it individually or jointly owned? What is the current value? How was it acquired?
Debt and credit Debt and credit Debt and credit Debt and credit
Do you currently owe any individual or institution money? Amount borrowed. Did you provide any collateral? Did collateral belong to you yourself?
Gender Asset Data Collection in Practice
23
Individual Asset Questionnaire
Extraordinary losses Extraordinary losses Extraordinary losses Extraordinary losses
Did you suffer from any extraordinary economic shocks or losses in the past 5 years? What type of shock? What did you do to cope? In what order where assets sold?
Conflict over assets Conflict over assets Conflict over assets Conflict over assets
Have you yourself, been in conflict with anyone regarding assets? What type of asset was involved? With whom was the conflict? What was the nature of the conflict?
Marital and inheritance regimes Marital and inheritance regimes Marital and inheritance regimes Marital and inheritance regimes
According to the rules governing your marriage, what happens to the property that you owned prior to your marriage when you marry? Have you ever received or inherited any property? Who did you inherit from? Do you still own the asset?
Knowledge about the formal legal regimes Knowledge about the formal legal regimes Knowledge about the formal legal regimes Knowledge about the formal legal regimes
Do daughters have the right to inherit a house on an equal basis with their brothers? Do wives have the right to inherit the house from their husband upon his death? Upon divorce, do women have any rights to claim the land that they farmed while they were married? Are women allowed to have a bank account in their own name?
Gender Asset Data Collection in Practice
24
Improving LSMS Questionnaires with Gender Assets
Questions

• Integrating questions on gender assets
  differences into existing LSMS questionnaires
  will
• Enable policymakers to document asset ownership
  and management at the individual level
• Facilitate an understanding of how men and women
  accumulate and dispose of assets
• Facilitate an understanding of asset ownership
  and management patterns by gender
• Raise awareness of gender asset gaps
• Help monitor achievement of MDG3 and other gender
  parity indicators and
• Provide empirical data necessary in the
  development of social programs and poverty
  reduction efforts.

Gender Asset Data Collection in Practice
25
Improving LSMS Questionnaires with Gender Assets
Questions process

• Assess gender differences and issues in assets
  ownership and control to formulate policy and
  data collection objectives
• Secure partners in NSO, data collectors, line
  ministry, donor, etc.
• Review available evidence, research, data and
  experience in assets measurement and assess
  capacity for data collection
• Identify opportunities (surveys, other
  instruments) and choose a strategy for collecting
  gender-relevant data
• Revise questions which, how?
• Add gender module how, when?
• Use self-standing gender questionnaire resource
  implications
• Decide how findings will be presented and
  disseminated--and to whom--and plan a
  dissemination strategy

Gender Asset Data Collection in Practice
26
Guatemala LSMS Questionnaire

• Housing
• Existing questions
• Tenancy status and value of the dwelling
• Documentation - title of dwelling jointly or
  individual held
• Construction of dwelling whether the dwelling
  was already constructed, ordered built by the
  household or built by the household members
  themselves and
• Improvements to the dwelling.
• Suggestions for improvement
• Reduce number of questions on tenancy status
• Include question on which household member(s) own
  the dwelling
• Include question on how the dwelling was
  acquired
• Include question on the potential sales value of
  the dwelling and
• Include questions on the specific rights implied
  by ownership of the dwelling.
• Adding the questions above would generate basic
  information on ownership and means of
  acquisition, help answer important questions
  about how men and women acquire property, and
  provide information on womens bargaining
  positions with regards to rights over the
  dwelling.

Gender Asset Data Collection in Practice
27
Guatemala LSMS Questionnaire

• Land
• Existing questions
• Households agricultural activities
• Ownership of plots, including questions on land
  quality
• Value of the plot and how much money would be
  received if the plot were sold or leased
• Lease of property to someone else by the owner
  and how much was paid in rent
• Land acquisition and property documents and
• Land that was worked by the respondent, but was
  not owned.
• Suggestions for improvement
• Include questions on which household member(s)
  owns the plot, whose name(s) are on the property
  document and when the land was acquired (date and
  whether it was acquire before, during or after
  marriage)
• Include questions on specific rights associated
  with the plots
• Include questions on decision-making regarding
  the use of the land and
• Include questions about tenure security.
• Adding the questions above would be useful for
  understanding land acquisition patterns by gender
  and how different marital regimes affect land
  ownership.

Gender Asset Data Collection in Practice
28
Guatemala LSMS Questionnaire

• Livestock
• Existing questions
• Household level questions on ownership of
  animals
• Value of the asset at what price would the
  animal be sold and
• Animal products that were sold.
• Suggestions for improvement
• Include individual level data on ownership of
  animals and specific property rights over the
  animals
• Decision-making and control of proceeds from
  animals.
• Non-farm Business Assets
• Existing questions
• Businesses owned by the household and which
  household members worked in the business (hours
  worked per day)
• Management of the business and whether this
  person is the respondent and
• Capital and inventory of each business and
  whether goods were owned or leased, value of
  items if sold, and whether goods are also used
  for other purposes or shared with other household
  businesses.
• Suggestions for improvement
• Include question on who owns each business asset
  and how and when the asset was acquired.

Gender Asset Data Collection in Practice
29
Guatemala LSMS Questionnaire

• Other Physical Assets
• Existing questions
• Household level questions on ownership of other
  physical assets (these items include kitchen
  articles, vehicles, other household articles,
  etc) and agricultural equipment.
• Suggestions for improvement
• Include question on who is the owner of the
  assets.
• Financial Assets
• Existing questions
• Deposit of money or saved in any type of account
  and whether current balance is higher, lower or
  equal to the average balance for the past 3
  months and
• Pension income.
• Suggestions for improvement
• Include questions about the current value of the
  account and how the money was acquired.
• Include all pension questions included in the
  draft module.

Gender Asset Data Collection in Practice
30
Guatemala LSMS Questionnaire

• Debt and Credit
• Existing questions
• Loans received, paid off or being paid off by any
  member of the household
• Guarantees made for the loan and documents
  signed and
• Purchase of food or other items on credit.
• Suggestions for improvement
• Include questions on loans made by household
  members to other individuals.
• Extraordinary Losses
• Existing questions
• Adverse situations, including natural disasters,
  business closing, death of a household member
  to be answered by the head of household and
• Questions on how the household compensated for
  the losses including the sale of assets as an
  option.
• Suggestions for improvement
• Include additional questions if assets were sold
  (how much money was received and to whom the
  assets had belonged) and
• Ask other individuals in the household, not just
  the head of household, question on adverse
  situations.

Gender Asset Data Collection in Practice
31
Guatemala LSMS Questionnaire

• Conflict Over Assets
• Suggestions for improvement
• Include questions from draft module.
• Marital and Inheritance Regimes
• Existing questions
• Marital status
• Suggestions for improvement
• Include questions on marital and inheritance
  regimes from the draft module.
• Knowledge of Property Rights
• Existing questions
• Social capital collective action, exclusion,
  perception of welfare etc.
• Suggestions for improvement
• Include questions on knowledge of property rights
  in social capital section of the questionnaire
  and ask these questions to all adults in the
  household.

Gender Asset Data Collection in Practice
32
Additional Data Sources

• Land
• ? Bangladesh (IFPRI)
• ? Ethiopia (IFPRI)
• ? Ghana (IFPRI)
• ? Kerala (ICRW)
• ? Malawi (IFRPI)
• ? Philippines (IFRPI)
• ? South Africa (ICRW)
• ? Sri Lanka (ICRW)
• ? Sumatra (IFPRI)
• ? Uganda (ICRW)
• ? West Bengal (ICRW)
• Financial Assets
• ? Philippines (IFRPI)

• Livestock
• ? Bangladesh (IFPRI)
• ? Egypt (IFRPI)
• ? Ethiopia (IFPRI)
• ? Ghana (IFPRI)
• ? Kerala (ICRW)
• ? Malawi (IFRPI)
• ? Philippines (IFRPI)
• ? South Africa (ICRW)
• ? Sri Lanka (ICRW)
• ? West Bengal (ICRW)
• Business Assets
• ? Malawi (IFRPI)
• ? Philippines (IFRPI)

• Housing
• ? Kerala (ICRW)
• ? Malawi (IFRPI)
• ? Philippines (IFRPI)
• ? South Africa (ICRW)
• ? Sri Lanka (ICRW)
• ? West Bengal (ICRW)
• Other Physical Assets
• ? Ghana (IFPRI)
• ? Kerala (ICRW)
• ? Malawi (IFRPI)
• ? Philippines (IFRPI)
• ? West Bengal (ICRW)

Gender Asset Data
33
Additional Data Sources

• Credit/Debt
• ? Egypt (IFPRI)
• ? Ethiopia (IFPRI)
• ? Ghana Urban Accra (IFRPI)
• ? Malawi (IFRPI)
• Other
• ? Bangladesh (IFPRI)
• ? Ghana (IFPRI)
• ? Kerala (ICRW)
• ? Malawi (IFRPI)
• ? Philippines (IFRPI)
• ? South Africa (ICRW)
• ? Sumatra (IFRPI)
• ? Uganda (ICRW)
• ? West Bengal (ICRW)

• Assets Brought to Marriage
• ? Guatemala (ICRW)
• ? Indonesia (ICW)
• ? Kerala (ICRW)
• ? Malawi (IFRPI)
• ? Philippines (IFRPI)
• ? Sri Lanka (ICRW)
• ? West Bengal (ICRW)
• Inheritance
• ? Ghana (IFRPI)
• ? Malawi (IFRPI)
• ? Sumatra (IFPRI)

Gender Asset Data
34
Collecting Data on Gender and Assets Exercise

• Choose a country and data collection instrument
  based on group knowledge about possible
  opportunities and gender asset gaps or issues
  explain your choice
• Determine data collection objectives based on the
  gender asset gap or issue to be studied
  explain your choice
• Choose 1 or 2 types of assets to
  study--financial assets, land, livestock,
  housing, non-farm business assets, other physical
  assets, financial assets--and 1 category of
  related topicsdebt and credit, extraordinary
  losses, conflict over assets, marital and
  inheritance regimes, knowledge about legal
  regimes justify your choice
• Select a data collection strategy based on
  available opportunities, resources and
  constraints justify your choice
• Revising questions
• Adding gender module
• Applying self-standing questionnaire
• Using information from the presentation, choose
  which questions to revise or include in a module,
  and how you would revise them provide revised
  text or list of questions for module
• Reflect and report on the problems and
  difficulties of the exercise, for example, need
  for more information lack of capacity lack of
  understanding or commitment from decision-makers
  need for special measures to reach target
  population, etc.
• Any other comments or questions?