The Industrial Revolution

1
The Industrial Revolution
2
Industrialization

• To gain some perspective
• 2,000 Kcals recommended daily calorie intake
• 3,000 Kcal amount of calories controlled by an
  individual in the foraging age 200,000-12,000
  years ago
• 12,000 Kcals amount controlled by a person in
  the agricultural age 12,000-250 years ago
• 230,000 Kcals amount controlled by a person
  today

3
Why is it called a Revolution?

• It changed the nature of work
• It changed the institutions of society schools
  transportation, families, social classes
• It gave rise to social conflicts and philosophies
  that would have a profound impact on world
  history communism, socialism, fascism, social
  darwinism class warfare

4
Why is it called a Revolution?

• machine era fossil fuels replaced wind, wood
  and muscle as a fuel source
• Enormous productivity industrial production in
  Britain increased 50 times (5,000!) between 1750
  and 1900
• Ushered in a new era The Industrial Age after
  12,000 years of the Agricultural Age

5
Sweet Industries/First Factories?

• first factories arose in the colonial,
  export-oriented world sugar mills in Brazil and
  the Caribbean
• colonies lead to industry in England because of
  capital and markets they provided
• -Pomeranz and Topik

6

• Sugar mills of the Americas
• Already in the seventeenth century, sugar
  plantations involved perhaps two hundred slaves
  and freemen, with a mill, boiling house, curing
  house, distillery for rum, and storehouse.
• P T

7
Beginnings of Industry in England in the mid-1700s

• Why England?
• 1. political stability
• 2. economic stability
• 3. population growth
• 4. easy access to fuel and raw materials

8
Inventions

• Shuttle John Kay
• Spinning wheel/spinning jenny James Hargraves
• Water frame for spinning James Arkwright

9
Progression of Production

• Cottage industries- people working by hand in
  homes
• Mills- small factories powered by water
• Factories powered by steam engines

10
The big invention Steam engine

• Once designed (James Watt), no need to place
  factories near water
• Change in location, change in dynamics of mill
  cities

11
Fuel for the new factory
12
Coal mine 1830 to 1850 British coal production
doubledBritain produced nearly 10 times as much
coal as the next largest European producer
(Belgium)
13
Industrial Revolution spreads to continent of
Europe

• Belgium
• deposits of iron ore and good waterways
• Germany
• pockets of industry, with the coal rich Ruhr
  Valley being connected to other places by
  railroads

14
France

• French revolutionary laws helped
  industrialization destroying local restrictions
  on trade, protecting private property, abolishing
  artisan guilds

15
1800s in Europe

• Railroads seemed to be common thread of industry
• Global inequalities due to industrialization
• Transformation of society

16
Importance of Railroads

• Provided new jobs
• Agricultural and fishing products could be
  transported further
• More efficient

17
Changing countrysidethe fine soot or blacks
darken the day, give white sheep the color of
black sheep, discolor the human saliva,
contaminate the air, poison many plants, and
corrode monuments and buildings.
18
Deforestation of England
19
The new factories
20
Reaction - Luddites
21
Social Implications slums1800 to 1850, London
adds 1.5 million people Glasgows population
increases 500 Leeds goes from 53,000 to 721,000
22
Impact on familiesIn one slum in London in 1847,
461 people lived in just 12 houses
23
Disease
24
Labor Unrest
25
(No Transcript)
26
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

• Founders of Modern Communism

• Famous works

• The Communist Manifesto, 1848
• The Condition of the Working Class in England in
  1844

27
Marxism capitalists v. workers

• Under capitalism, the proletariat, the working
  class or the people, own only their capacity to
  work they have the ability only to sell their
  own labor. According to Marx a class is defined
  by the relations of its members to the means of
  production. He proclaimed that history is the
  chronology of class struggles, wars, and
  uprisings. Under capitalism, Marx continues, the
  workers, in order to support their families are
  paid a bare minimum wage or salary. The worker is
  alienated because he has no control over the
  labor or product which he produces. The
  capitalists sell the products produced by the
  workers at a proportional value as related to the
  labor involved. Surplus value is the difference
  between what the worker is paid and the price for
  which the product is sold.

28
Child Labor in Washington State

• U.S. - 6.55 per hour
• Washington State 8.07/hour, 14- and 15- year
  olds 85 or 6.86/ hour goes up every year
• Washington teen hiring laws -http//www.lni.wa.gov
  /WorkplaceRights/TeenWorkers/HiringMinors/default.
  asp

29
Child labor in the 19th Century

• With the rise of factories, there were no laws
  governing work requirements for children
• Children under 10 often worked 14 hours a day for
  a penny an hour.

30
Child factory workers scavengers
31
Job description

• It was the job of the scavenger to pick up loose
  cotton from under the machinery.
• Unfortunately, they had to do this while the
  machine was still working.

32
First hand account of the work of scavengers

• (1) John Brown wrote about Robert Blincoe's
  experiences in a textile mill in an article for
  The Lion newspaper (15th January 1828)
• The task first allocated to Robert Blincoe was to
  pick up the loose cotton that fell upon the
  floor. Apparently, nothing could be easier...
  although he was much terrified by the whirling
  motion and noise of the machinery. He also
  disliked the dust and the flue with which he was
  half suffocated. He soon felt sick, and by
  constantly stooping, his back ached. Blincoe,
  therefore, took the liberty to sit down but
  this, he soon found, was strictly forbidden in
  cotton mills. His overlooker, Mr. Smith, told him
  he must keep on his legs.

33
And another more violent tale

• (2) Frances Trollope, Michael Armstrong, the
  Factory Boy(1840)
• A little girl about seven years old, who job as
  scavenger, was to collect incessantly from the
  factory floor, the flying fragments of cotton
  that might impede the work... while the hissing
  machinery passed over her, and when this is
  skillfully done, and the head, body, and the
  outstretched limbs carefully glued to the floor,
  the steady moving, but threatening mass, may pass
  and repass over the dizzy head and trembling body
  without touching it. But accidents frequently
  occur and many are the flaxen locks, rudely torn
  from infant heads, in the process.

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Child factory workers Piecers
35
Job description

• Piecers had to lean over the machine and repair
  any threads that broke during the manufacturing
  process and which might cause a delay in
  production.
• Piecers walked over 20 miles a day!

36
Recruitment Account 1

• 1) Letter from John Betts to Richard Carlile
  (24th February, 1828)
• In 1805 when Samuel Davy was seven years of age
  he was sent from the workhouse in Southwark in
  London to Mr. Watson's Mill at Penny Dam near
  Preston. Later his brother was also sent to work
  in a mill. The parents did not know where Samuel
  and his brother were. The loss of her children,
  so preyed on the mind of Samuel's mother that it
  brought on insanity, and she died in a state of
  madness.

37
Recruitment Account 2

• (2) Sarah Carpenter, interviewed in The Ashton
  Chronicle (23rd June, 1849)
• My father was a glass blower. When I was eight
  years old my father died and our family had to go
  to the Bristol Workhouse. My brother was sent
  from Bristol workhouse in the same way as many
  other children were - cart-loads at a time. My
  mother did not know where he was for two years.
  He was taken off in the dead of night without her
  knowledge, and the parish officers would never
  tell her where he was. It was the mother of
  Joseph Russell who first found out where the
  children were, and told my mother. We set off
  together, my mother and I, we walked the whole
  way from Bristol to Cressbrook Mill in
  Derbyshire. We were many days on the road. Mrs.
  Newton fondled over my mother when we arrived. My
  mother had brought her a present of little glass
  ornaments. She got these ornaments from some of
  the workmen, thinking they would be a very nice
  present to carry to the mistress at Cressbrook,
  for her kindness to my brother. My brother told
  me that Mrs. Newton's fondling was all a blind
  but I was so young and foolish, and so glad to
  see him again that I did not heed what he said,
  and could not be persuaded to leave him. They
  would not let me stay unless I would take the
  shilling binding money. I took the shilling and I
  was very proud of it. They took me into the
  counting house and showed me a piece of paper
  with a red sealed horse on which they told me to
  touch, and then to make a cross, which I did.
  This meant I had to stay at Cressbrook Mill till
  I was twenty one.

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Apprentice House
39
Recruitment

• Some parents refused to let their children work
  in the factories.
• If a factory was far from an orphanage, factory
  owners got creative.
• An apprentice house was for young children who
  were purchased from workhouses and given pay and
  lodging to work in the factories.

40
Apprentice House Account

• (1) John Birley was interviewed by The Ashton
  Chronicle on 19th May, 1849.
• We then worked till nine or ten at night when the
  water-wheel stopped. We stopped working, and went
  to the apprentice house, about three hundred
  yards from the mill. It was a large stone house,
  surrounded by a wall, two to three yards high,
  with one door, which was kept locked. It was
  capable of lodging about one hundred and fifty
  apprentices. Supper was the same as breakfast -
  onion porridge and dry oatcake. We all ate in the
  same room and all went up a common staircase to
  our bed-chamber all the boys slept in one
  chamber, all the girls in another. We slept three
  in one bed. The girls' bedroom was of the same
  sort as ours. There were no fastenings to the two
  rooms and no one to watch over us in the night,
  or to see what we did.

41
How was health damaged?

• Accidents
• Deformities
• Hours
• Punishment
• Food
• Pollution

42
Accidents

• Frequent and horrific.
• Workers were not compensated and were abandoned
  immediately.
• Hospitals saw thousands of injuries and visitors
  to England were appalled at the sight of legless
  and armless people in the streets

43
Accident Account

• (1) Dr. Ward from Manchester was interviewed
  about the health of textile workers on 25th
  March, 1819.When I was a surgeon in the
  infirmary, accidents were very often admitted to
  the infirmary, through the children's hands and
  arms having being caught in the machinery in
  many instances the muscles, and the skin is
  stripped down to the bone, and in some instances
  a finger or two might be lost. Last summer I
  visited Lever Street School. The number of
  children at that time in the school, who were
  employed in factories, was 106. The number of
  children who had received injuries from the
  machinery amounted to very nearly one half. There
  were forty-seven injured in this way.

44
Deformities
45
Parliament reacts

• Because of the events and conditions that you
  have seen, Englands Parliament reacted by
  setting up a commission to look into the
  situation
• Michael Sadler heads up the commission

46
Hours/Punishment

• On 16th March 1832 Michael Sadler introduced a
  Bill in Parliament that proposed limiting the
  hours of all persons under the age of 18 to ten
  hours a day. After much debate it was clear that
  Parliament was unwilling to pass Sadler's bill.
  However, in April 1832 it was agreed that there
  should be another parliamentary enquiry into
  child labour. Sadler was made chairman and for
  the next three months the parliamentary committee
  interviewed 48 people who had worked in textile
  factories as children. Sadler discovered that it
  was common for very young children to be working
  for over twelve a day. Lord Ashley carried out
  a survey of doctors in 1836. In a speech he made
  in the House of Commons he argued that over half
  of the doctors interviewed believed that "ten
  hours is the utmost quantity of labour which can
  be endured by the children" without damaging
  their health. However, Lord Ashley admitted that
  some doctors that came before his committee did
  not believe that long hours caused health
  problems. Children who were late for work were
  severely punished. If children arrived late for
  work they would also have money deducted from
  their wages. Time-keeping was a problem for those
  families who could not afford to buy a clock. In
  some factories workers were not allowed to carry
  a watch. The children suspected that this rule
  was an attempt to trick them out of some of their
  wages.

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Prison inmate
48
Punishments

• Children were whipped, or dunked in buckets of
  cold water for basic offenses.
• Girls were often chained together like prisoners
  to keep them attempting to escape.
• If you attempted to run away or were caught as a
  runaway, you could be put in prison for your
  offense.

49
Punishment

• (2) Jonathan Downe was interviewed by Michael
  Sadler's Parliamentary Committee on 6th June,
  1832.
• When I was seven years old I went to work at Mr.
  Marshalls factory at Shrewsbury. If a child was
  drowsy, the overlooker touches the child on the
  shoulder and says, "Come here". In a corner of
  the room there is an iron cistern filled with
  water. He takes the boy by the legs and dips him
  in the cistern, and sends him back to work.

50
Food Steak and Lobster?

• (2) Matthew Crabtree was interviewed by Michael
  Sadler's Parliamentary Committee (18th May, 1832)
• I began work at Cook's of Dewsbury when I was
  eight years old. We had to eat our food in the
  mill. It was frequently covered by flues from the
  wool and in that case they had to be blown off
  with the mouth, and picked off with the fingers,
  before it could be eaten.
• (3) Sarah Carpenter was interviewed by The Ashton
  Chronicle on 23rd June, 1849.Our common food
  was oatcake. It was thick and coarse. This
  oatcake was put into cans. Boiled milk and water
  was poured into it. This was our breakfast and
  supper. Our dinner was potato pie with boiled
  bacon it, a bit here and a bit there, so thick
  with fat we could scarce eat it, though we were
  hungry enough to eat anything. Tea we never saw,
  nor butter. We had cheese and brown bread once a
  year. We were only allowed three meals a day
  though we got up at five in the morning and
  worked till nine at night. 

51
Pollution

• As you can imagine, with all the wool, cloth and
  machinery, the air was full of dust and debris
• Mill Fever became a sickness that many workers
  would get headaches and general sickness for no
  apparent reason
• Lung diseases such as tuberculosis, bronchitis,
  and asthma were common

52
Illness

• (3) Frank Forrest, Chapters in the Life of a
  Dundee Factory Boy (1850)
• About a week after I became a mill boy, I was
  seized with a strong, heavy sickness, that few
  escape on first becoming factory workers. The
  cause of the sickness, which is known by the name
  of "mill fever", is the contaminated atmosphere
  produced by so many breathing in a confined
  space, together with the heat and exhalations of
  grease and oil and the gas needed to light the
  establishment.

53
Disease
54
Labor Unrest
55
(No Transcript)
56
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

• Founders of Modern Communism

• Famous works

• The Communist Manifesto, 1848
• The Condition of the Working Class in England in
  1844

57
Marxism capitalists v. workers

• Under capitalism, the proletariat, the working
  class or the people, own only their capacity to
  work they have the ability only to sell their
  own labor. According to Marx a class is defined
  by the relations of its members to the means of
  production. He proclaimed that history is the
  chronology of class struggles, wars, and
  uprisings. Under capitalism, Marx continues, the
  workers, in order to support their families are
  paid a bare minimum wage or salary. The worker is
  alienated because he has no control over the
  labor or product which he produces. The
  capitalists sell the products produced by the
  workers at a proportional value as related to the
  labor involved. Surplus value is the difference
  between what the worker is paid and the price for
  which the product is sold.

58

• (1) William James, speech, House of Commons (16th
  March, 1832)
• I have no doubt that the right honourable member
  (Michael Sadler) is actuated by the best
  intentions and motives, but I think that the
  course which he pursues will fail in attaining
  the object which he has in view. Undoubtedly the
  system which is pursued in these manufactories
  relating to the working of young children is a
  great evil but it appears to me that the remedy
  which the honourable gentleman proposes to apply
  is worse than the disease. There appears to me to
  be only a choice of evils - the children must
  either work or starve. If the manufacturer is
  prevented working his mill for more than a
  certain number of hours together, he will often
  be unable to execute the orders which he may
  receive, and consequently, the purchaser must go
  to foreign countries for a supply. The result
  will be that you will drive the English
  capitalist to foreign countries, where there is
  no restrictions upon the employment of labour and
  capital.

59

• (1) William Bolling, speech, House of Commons
  (9th May, 1836)
• I mistrust interference on behalf of the poor
  which the poor are themselves to pay for. Let the
  question be presented honestly and fairly. Let
  the parents of factory children know that the
  diminishing the hours of daily toil must diminish
  the amount of weekly pay. Certainly, there are
  cases of hardship and oppression, but I dislike
  all cases of legislative interference between
  master and man - between parent and child. And,
  moreover, all such interference would be
  unsuccessful. Your laws to regulate wages, and
  hours of labour, and conditions of contract for
  work - they are merely cobwebs broken through at
  will - because it is the interest of master and
  servant that they should be broken. Cultivate
  commerce with all the nations of the world this
  will raise wages and will prevent the necessity
  for exhausting labour.

60

• (1) Henry Thomas Hope, speech, House of Commons
  (16th March, 1832)
• It is obvious, that if you limit the hours of
  labour, you will, to nearly the same extent,
  reduce the profits of the capital on which the
  labour is employed. Under these circumstances,
  the manufacturers must either raise the price of
  the manufactured article or diminish the wages of
  their workmen. If they raise the price of the
  article the foreigner gains an advantage. I am
  informed that the foreign cotton-manufacturers,
  and particularly the Americans, tread closely
  upon the heels of our manufacturers. The right
  honourable member (Michael Sadler) seems to
  consider that it is desirable for adults to
  replace children. I cannot concur with that
  opinion, because I think that the labour of
  children is a great resource to their parents and
  of great benefit to themselves. I therefore, on
  the these grounds, oppose this measure. In the
  first place I doubt whether parliament can
  protect children as effectively as their parents
  secondly because I am of the opinion that a case
  for parliamentary interference has not yet been
  made out and thirdly, because I believe that the
  bill will be productive of great inconvenience,
  not only to persons who have embarked large
  capital in the cotton manufactures, but even to
  workmen and children themselves - that I feel it
  my duty to oppose this measure.