Unit 1 Guiding Question : What are the links between humans and the marine environment?

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Unit 1 Guiding Question What are the links
between humans and the marine environment?

• Todays objectives
• Chapter 1 Test
• Introduction to Ch. 2 Fundamentals of Ecology
• Next Class
• Ch. 2 Continuation

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Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Ecology
Abiotic environment- consists of the nonliving
aspects of an organisms surroundings. Biotic
environment- consists of living organisms and the
way they interact.
Habitat and Niche Habitat- the place in the
environment where an organism is found. Can be
subdivided into smaller subdivisions
called microhabitats. Niche- an organisms role in
its environment. Can be determined by abiotic
factors, biological factors, and an organisms
behavior.
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If you were a wild animal (of your choice), what
would your habitat be? What would your Niche
be? Use drawings to describe them. i.e. If I
were a Cockroach
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Environmental Factors that Affect Animal
Distribution Maintaining Homeostasis
Homeostasis- internal balance that organisms
must maintain In order to survive. An organisms
ability to maintain this limits the areas in
which it can live.
Zone of stress- regions above or below the
optimal range. Zone of intolerance- zone in
which environmental variable is so far from the
optimal range that the organism cant survive.
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Drop down and give me 20!!!!
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Unit 1 Guiding Question What are the links
between humans and the marine environment?

• Warm-up Read brine shrimp lab hand-out and
  answer
• Objective?
• Hypothesis?
• Independent and Dependent Variables?
• Todays objectives
• Lab set-up and dry run
• Ch. 2 Continuation
• Next Class
• Environmental effects Lab Brine Shrimp Lab

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• Get into the assigned groups and follow my
  instructions. Take notes!
• After instructions perform a dry run of
  experiment without the brine shrimp.

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Unit 1 Guiding Question What are the links
between humans and the marine environment?

• Warm-up
• What affects the distribution of an organism?
• What would happen if you put a sea slug in a
  fresh water lake or a fresh water snail into the
  sea?
• Todays objectives
• Student will understand what factors affect the
  distribution of organisms
• Next Class
• Environmental factors effects continuation

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• Environmental Factors that Affect Animal
  Distribution
• Physical environment light, temperature,
  salinity, pressure metabolism
• Biological environment competition,
  predator-prey relationships, symbiosis

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1. Sunlight The amount of available sunlight
influences photosynthesis, Vision, and whether
excessive levels are damaging to organisms in
the form of desiccation.
2. Temperature Ectotherm-obtains body heat from
its surroundings. Endotherm- can maintain a
constant body temperature
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1. Temperature can influence the distribution of
organisms in shallow water and in the
intertidal zone. 2. Oxygen dissolves easier in
cool water than in warm water.
3. Salinity Solutes are substances that are
dissolved in water. Osmosis- the movement of
water across a membrane is response to
differences in solute concentration. Salinity is
important in determining the distribution of
organisms.

• Using the warm-up question explain what is
• Hipotonic?
• Isotonic?
• Hypertonic?

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4. Pressure Sea level 1atm. Every 10 m(or 33ft)
below sea level pressure increases by 1 atm.
How many atm of pressure are there at 4000 m
bellow surface? At 8000 m?
Metabolic Requirements 1.Available dissolved
nutrients and gases needed for metabolism,
growth, and reproduction. 2. Anaerobic organisms
thrive in oxygen free environments.
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Species Interactions
Intraspecific competition- competition between
members of a single species.
Interspecific competition- competition between
similar species.
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Competition- can occur when organisms require the
same limited resource such as food or living
space.

• Competitive exclusion- is when one organism
  successfully out competes another organism and
  excludes it from a particular area or niche.
• Resource partitioning- the process of subdividing
  a niche into smaller niches.

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Keystone species- an animals presence that makes
it possible for many other species to live there.

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Keystone species- an animals presence that makes
it possible for many other species to live there.

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• Symbiosis
• Symbiosis-means living together
• Mutualism- both organisms benefit from the
  relationship. Ex.
• clownfish and sea anemone.

2. Commensalism- one organism benefits, while the
other is neither harmed nor benefitted. Ex.
Remora fish and shark. 3. Parasitism- one
organism, the parasite lives off another
organism. Ex. Tapeworm living in a dog.
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Population, Communities, and Ecosystems
Population- is a group of the same species that
occupies a specified area. Community- composed
of populations of different species.
Zones of the Marine Environment Can divide
marine environment into two divisions A
pelagic division- composed of the oceans water
(water column). B. Benthic division- ocean
bottom.
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• Pelagic Division
• 1. Neritic zone- water that overlies continental
  shelves.
• 2. Oceanic zone- water that covers the deep ocean
  basins
• Also can de divided into photic (sunlight
  present) and aphotic
• (sunlight absent).

• B. Benthic Division
• Intertidal zone- covered with water only during
  high tide.
• 2. Shelf zone- low tide to edge of continental
  shelf.
• 3. Bathyl zone- continental shelf-4,000m
• 4. Abyssal zone- 4,000-6,000m
• 5. Hadal zone- gt 6,000m

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Epifauna- animals that live on the bottom.
Infauna- animals that live in bottom sediments.
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Ecosystems Some of the major marine ecosystems
are estuaries, salt Marshes, mangrove swamps,
rocky shores, sandy beaches, kelp Forests, coral
reefs, and open ocean.
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Energy flow Through Ecosystems Producer-
organisms able to produce their own food. In
the marine environment, the most important
photosynthetic organisms are phytoplankton.
Chemosynthetic- uses the energy from chemical
reactions, rather than sunlight to form organic
molecules from carbon dioxide and other
compounds. Consumers- rely on other organisms
for food.
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Food Chains and Food Webs Food Chain- sequence of
feeding relationships among a group of organisms.
Food web- a representation of the complex
feeding networks that exist in an ecosystem.
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Energy Flow through Trophic Levels On Average
only about 10 of the energy available at
one trophic level is passed onto the next trophic
level.
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Biogeochemical Cycles Biogeochemical cycle- a
combination of biological, chemical, and physical
processes that act to recycle nutrients.
Essential Nutrients are water, carbon, nitrogen,
and phosphorus.
Hydrological cycle- is the cycling of water
between the Atmosphere and land through
evaporation and precipation.
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Carbon Cycle- Co2 from atmosphere is dissolved in
seawater and used by producers through
photosynthesis. When the food is metabolized in
respiration the Co2 is returned to
the environment.
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Nitrogen Cycle- producers like plants require
nitrogen for protein synthesis and thus for
proper growth. The nitrogen they need is Usually
in the form of ammonia, ammonium, nitrite, or
nitrate.
1. Producers use energy from photosynthesis to
concentrate the nitrogen in their tissues
and assemble it into amino acids and
proteins.
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Nitrogen fixation- converting atmospheric
nitrogen into forms that are useable by
producers, usually done by cyanobacteria.
Upwelling- the process by which wind and ocean
currents bring Nutrient rich material from the
ocean bottom back to the photic zone.