Evolution Review

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Title: Evolution Review

1
Evolution Review

AP Biology

During a study session about evolution, one of
your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe
stretched its neck while reaching for higher
leaves its offspring inherited longer necks as a
result." Which statement is most likely to be
helpful in correcting this student's
misconception?
a. Characteristics acquired during an organism's
life are generally not passed on through genes.
b. Spontaneous mutations can result in the
appearance of new traits.
c. Only favorable adaptations have survival
value.
d. Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual
disappearance.
e. Overproduction of offspring leads to a
struggle for survival.

In a hypothetical environment, fishes called
pike-cichlids are visual predators of
algae-eating fish (i.e., they locate their prey
by sight). If a population of algae-eaters
experiences predation pressure from
pike-cichlids, which of the following should
least likely be observed in the algae-eater
population over the course of many generations?
a. Selection for drab coloration of the
algae-eaters
b. Selection for nocturnal algae-eaters (active
only at night)
c. Selection for larger female algae-eaters,
bearing broods composed of more, and larger,
young
d. Selection for algae-eaters that become
sexually mature at smaller overall body sizes
e. Selection for algae-eaters that are faster
swimmers

Of the following anatomical structures, which is
homologous to the wing of a bird?
a. Dorsal fin of a shark
b. Hindlimb of a kangaroo
c. Wing of a butterfly
d. Tail fin of a flying fish
e. Flipper of a cetacean

Which of the following statements most detracts
from the claim that the human appendix is a
completely vestigial organ?
a. The appendix can be surgically removed with no
immediate ill effects.
b. The appendix might have been larger in fossil
hominids.
c. The appendix has a substantial amount of
defensive lymphatic tissue.
d. Individuals with a larger-than-average
appendix leave fewer offspring than those with a
below-average-sized appendix.
e. In a million years, the human species might
completely lack an appendix

The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have
fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the
corresponding bones in whales have very different
shapes and proportions. However, genetic data
suggest that all three kinds of organisms
diverged from a common ancestor at about the same
time. Which of the following is the most likely
explanation for these data?
a. Humans and bats evolved by natural selection,
and whales evolved by Lamarckian mechanisms.
b. Forelimb evolution was adaptive in people and
bats, but not in whales.
c. Natural selection in an aquatic environment
resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb
anatomy.
d. Genes mutate faster in whales than in humans
or bats.
e. Whales are not properly classified as mammals.

DNA sequences in many human genes are very
similar to the sequences of corresponding genes
in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for
this result is that
a. humans and chimpanzees share a relatively
recent common ancestor.
b. humans evolved from chimpanzees.
c. chimpanzees evolved from humans.
d. convergent evolution led to the DNA
similarities.
e. humans and chimpanzees are not closely
related.

Which of these variables is likely to undergo the
largest change in value as the result of a
mutation that introduces a brand-new allele into
a population's gene pool at a locus that had
formerly been fixed?
a. Average heterozygosity
b. Nucleotide variability
c. Geographic variability
d. Average number of loci

Each of the following has a better chance of
influencing gene frequencies in small populations
than in large populations, but which one most
consistently requires a small population as a
precondition for its occurrence?
a. Mutation
b. Non-random mating
c. Genetic drift
d. Natural selection
e. Gene flow

Which is a true statement concerning genetic
variation?
a. It is created by the direct action of natural
selection.
b. It arises in response to changes in the
environment.
c. It must be present in a population before
natural selection can act upon the population.
d. It tends to be reduced by the processes
involved when diploid organisms produce gametes.
e. A population that has a higher average
heterozygosity has less genetic variation than
one with a larger average heterozygosity.

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles,
A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency
of allele a is 0.1. What is the percentage of the
population that is heterozygous for this allele?
a. 90
b. 81
c. 49
d. 18
e. 10

In the year 2500, five male space colonists and
five female space colonists (all unrelated to
each other) settle on an uninhabited Earthlike
planet in the Andromeda galaxy. The colonists and
their offspring randomly mate for generations.
All ten of the original colonists had free
earlobes, and two were heterozygous for that
trait. The allele for free earlobes is dominant
to the allele for attached earlobes.
If one assumes that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
applies to the population of colonists on this
planet, about how many people will have attached
earlobes when the planet's population reaches
10,000?
a. 100 b. 400 c. 800 d. 1,000 e. 10,000

You are studying three populations of birds.
Population A has ten birds, of which one is brown
(a recessive trait) and nine are red. Population
B has 100 birds, of which ten are brown.
Population C has 30 birds, and three of them are
brown.
In which population would it be least likely that
an accident would significantly alter the
frequency of the brown allele?
a. Population A.
b. Population B.
c. Population C.
d. They are all the same.

Over time, the movement of people on Earth has
steadily increased. This has altered the course
of human evolution by increasing
a. non-random mating.
b. geographic isolation.
c. genetic drift.
d. mutations.
e. gene flow.

Arrange the following from most general (i.e.,
most inclusive) to most specific (i.e., least
inclusive)
1. Natural selection
2. Microevolution
3. Intrasexual selection
4. Evolution
5. Sexual selection
a. 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
b. 4, 2, 1, 3, 5
c. 4, 2, 1, 5, 3
d. 1, 4, 2, 5, 3
e. 1, 2, 4, 5, 3

Adult male humans generally have deeper voices
than do adult female humans, as the direct result
of higher levels of testosterone causing growth
of the larynx.
If the fossil records of apes and humans alike
show a trend toward decreasing larynx size in
adult females, and increasing larynx size in
adult males, then
a. sexual dimorphism was developing over time in
these species.
b. intrasexual selection seems to have occurred.
c. the "good genes" hypothesis was refuted by
these data.
d. stabilizing selection was occurring in these
species concerning larynx size.
e. selection was acting more directly upon
genotype than upon phenotype.

Heterozygote advantage should be most closely
linked to which of the following?
a. sexual selection
b. stabilizing selection
c. random selection
d. directional selection
e. disruptive selection

In a very large population, a quantitative trait
has the following distribution pattern
What is true of the trait whose frequency
distribution in a large population appears below?
It has probably undergone
a. directional selection.
b. stabilizing selection.
c. disruptive selection.
d. sexual selection.
e. random selection.

A proficient engineer can easily design skeletal
structures that are more functional than those
currently found in the forelimbs of such diverse
mammals as horses, whales, and bats. That the
actual forelimbs of these mammals do not seem to
be optimally arranged is because
a. natural selection has not had sufficient time
to create the optimal design in each case, but
will do so given enough time.
b. natural selection operates in ways that are
beyond the capability of the human mind to
comprehend.
c. in many cases, phenotype is not merely
determined by genotype, but by the environment as
well.
d. though we may not consider the fit between the
current skeletal arrangements and their functions
excellent, we should not doubt that natural
selection ultimately produces the best design.
e. natural selection is generally limited to
modifying structures that were present in
previous generations and in previous species.

Several closely related frog species of the genus
Rana are found in the forests of the southeastern
United States. The species boundaries are
maintained by reproductive barriers. In each
case, match the various descriptions of frogs
below with the appropriate reproductive barrier
listed.
Males of one species sing only when its predators
are absent males of another species sing only
when its predators are present.
a. behavioral
b. gametic
c. habitat
d. temporal
e. mechanical

Several closely related frog species of the genus
Rana are found in the forests of the southeastern
United States. The species boundaries are
maintained by reproductive barriers. In each
case, match the various descriptions of frogs
below with the appropriate reproductive barrier
listed.
One species mates at the season when daylight is
increasing from 13 hours to 13 hours, 15 minutes
another species mates at the season when daylight
is increasing from 14 hours to 14 hours, 15
minutes.
a. behavioral
b. gametic
c. habitat
d. temporal
e. mechanical

A hybrid zone is properly defined as
a. an area where two closely related species'
ranges overlap.
b. an area where mating occurs between members of
two closely related species, producing viable
offspring.
c. a zone that features a gradual change in
species composition where two neighboring
ecosystems border each other.
d. a zone that includes the intermediate portion
of a cline.
e. an area where members of two closely related
species intermingle, but experience no gene flow.

According to the concept of punctuated
equilibrium, the "sudden" appearance of a new
species in the fossil record means that
a. the species is now extinct.
b. speciation occurred instantaneously.
c. speciation occurred in one generation.
d. speciation occurred rapidly in geologic time.
e. the species will consequently have a
relatively short existence, compared with other
species.

Which of these five species is the
extant (i.e., not extinct) species that
is most closely related to species
X, and why is this so?
a. V shared a common ancestor with X most
recently
b. W shared a common ancestor with X most
recently
c. Y arose in the same fashion (i.e., at the
same tempo) as X
d. Z shared a common ancestor with X most
recently, and arose in the same fashion as X

In what way were conditions on the early Earth of
more than 3 billion years ago different from
those on today's Earth?
a. Only early Earth had water vapor in its
atmosphere.
b. Only early Earth was intensely bombarded by
large space debris.
c. Only early Earth had an oxidizing atmosphere.
d. Less ultraviolet radiation penetrated Earth's
early atmosphere.
e. Earth's early atmosphere had significant
quantities of ozone.

Which is a defining characteristic that all
protobionts had in common?
a. the ability to synthesize enzymes
b. a surrounding membrane or membrane-like
structure
c. RNA genes
d. a nucleus
e. the ability to replicate RNA

What probably accounts for the switch to
DNA-based genetic systems during the evolution of
life on Earth?
a. DNA is chemically more stable and replicates
with fewer errors (mutations) than RNA.
b. Only DNA can replicate during cell division.
c. RNA is too involved with translation of
proteins and cannot provide multiple functions.
d. DNA forms the rod-shaped chromosomes necessary
for cell division.
e. Replication of RNA occurs too slowly.

If the half-life of carbon-14 is about 5,730
years, then a fossil that has one-sixteenth the
normal proportion of carbon-14 to carbon-12
should be about how many years old?
a. 1,400 b. 2,800 c. 11,200 d. 16,800
e. 22,400

What is thought to be the correct sequence of
these events, from earliest to most recent, in
the evolution of life on Earth?
1. origin of mitochondria
2. origin of multicellular eukaryotes
3. origin of chloroplasts
4. origin of cyanobacteria
5. origin of fungal-plant symbioses
a. 4, 3, 2, 1, 5
b. 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
c. 4, 1, 3, 2, 5
d. 4, 3, 1, 5, 2
e. 3, 4, 1, 2, 5

Which of these observations fails to support the
endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic
cells?
a. the existence of structural and molecular
differences between the plasma membranes of
prokaryotes and the internal membranes of
mitochondria and chloroplasts
b. the existence of size differences between the
cytosolic ribosomes of eukaryotes and the
ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts
c. the existence of size differences between some
prokaryotic cells and mitochondria
d. the existence of rRNA sequence differences
between the cytosolic ribosomes of eukaryotes and
the ribosomes within mitochondria and
chloroplasts

A hypothetical mutation in a squirrel population
produces organisms with eight legs rather than
four. Further, these mutant squirrels survive,
successfully invade new habitats, and eventually
give rise to a new species. The initial event,
giving rise to extra legs, would be a good
example of
a. punctuated equilibrium.
b. species selection.
c. habitat selection.
d. changes in homeotic genes.
e. allometry.

The existence of evolutionary trends, such as
increasing body sizes among horse species, is
evidence that
a. a larger volume-to-surface area ratio is
beneficial to all mammals.
b. an unseen guiding force is at work.
c. evolution always tends toward increased
complexity or increased size.
d. in particular environments, similar
adaptations can be beneficial in more than one
species.
e. evolution generally progresses toward some
predetermined goal.

Fossil evidence indicates that several kinds of
flightless dinosaurs possessed feathers. If some
of these feather-bearing dinosaurs incubated
clutches of eggs in carefully constructed nests,
this might be evidence supporting the claim that
a. dinosaurs were as fully endothermal
(warm-blooded) as modern birds and mammals.
b. their feathers originally served as
insulation, and only later became flight
surfaces.
c. the earliest reptiles could fly, and the
feathers of flightless dinosaurs were vestigial
flight surfaces.
d. the feathers were plucked from the bodies of
other adults to provide nest-building materials.
e. all fossils with feathers are actually some
kind of bird.

Select the factor most likely to have caused the
animals and plants of India to differ greatly
from species in nearby Southeast Asia.
a. The species have become separated by
convergent evolution.
b. The climates of the two regions are similar.
c. India is in the process of separating from the
rest of Asia.
d. Life in India was wiped out by ancient
volcanic eruptions.
e. India was a separate continent until 55
million years ago.

Which of these illustrates the correct
representation of the binomial scientific name
for the African lion?
a. Panthera leo
b. panthera leo
c. Panthera leo
d. Panthera Leo
e. Panthera leo

The common housefly belongs to all of the
following taxa. Assuming you had access to
textbooks or other scientific literature, knowing
which of the following should provide you with
the most specific information about the common
housefly?
a. order Diptera
b. family Muscidae
c. genus Musca
d. class Hexapoda
e. phylum Arthropoda

Which of the following pairs are the best
examples of homologous structures?
a. bat wing and human hand
b. owl wing and hornet wing
c. porcupine quill and cactus spine
d. bat forelimb and bird wing
e. Australian mole and North American mole

In angiosperm plants, flower morphology can be
very intricate. If a tree, such as a New Mexico
locust, has flowers that share many morphological
intricacies with flowers of the sweet pea vine,
then the most likely explanation for these floral
similarities is the same general explanation for
the similarities between the
a. dorsal fins of sharks and of dolphins.
b. reduced eyes of Australian moles and North
American moles.
c. scales on moth wings and the scales of fish
skin.
d. cranial bones of humans and those of
chimpanzees.
e. adaptations for flight in birds and
adaptations for flight in bats.

Which species are extinct?
a. A and E
b. A and B
c. C and D
d. D and E

A researcher compared the nucleotide
sequences of a homologous gene from
five different species of mammals
with the homologous human gene.
The sequence homology between each
species' version of the gene and the human gene
is presented as a percentage of similarity. What
probably explains the inclusion of rabbits in
this research?
a. Their short generation time provides a ready
source of DNA.
b. They possess all of the shared derived
characters as do the other species listed.
c. They are the closest known relatives of rhesus
monkeys.
d. They are the outgroup.
e. They are the most recent common ancestor of
the primates.

When it acts upon a gene, which of these
processes consequently makes that gene an
accurate molecular clock?
a. transcription
b. directional natural selection
c. mutation
d. proofreading
e. reverse transcription

The HIV genome's reliably high rate of change
permits it to serve as a molecular clock. Which
of these features is most responsible for this
genome's high rate of change?
a. the relatively low number of nucleotides in
the genome
b. the relatively small number of genes in the
genome
c. the genome's ability to insert itself into the
genome of the host
d. the lack of proofreading by the enzyme that
converts HIV's RNA genome into a DNA genome

The following questions refer
to the table below, which
compares the sequence
homology of four different parts
(2 introns and 2 exons) of a gene that is found
in five different eukaryotic species. Each part
is numbered to indicate its distance from the
promoter (e.g., Intron I is that closest to the
promoter). The data reported for Species A were
obtained by comparing DNA from one member of
species A to another member of Species A.
Which of these is the best explanation for the
high degree of sequence homology observed in Exon
I among these five species?
a. It is the most-upstream exon of this gene.
b. Due to alternative gene splicing, this exon is
often treated as an intron.
c. It codes for a polypeptide domain that has a
crucial function.
d. These five species must actually constitute a
single species.
e. This exon is rich in G-C base pairs thus, is
more stable.

The following questions refer
to the table below, which
compares the sequence
homology of four different
Parts (2 introns and 2 exons) of a gene that is
found in five different eukaryotic species. Each
part is numbered to indicate its distance from
the promoter (e.g., Intron I is that closest to
the promoter). The data reported for Species A
were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of
species A to another member of Species A.
Regarding these sequence homology data, the
principle of maximum parsimony would be
applicable in
a. distinguishing introns from exons.
b. determining degree of sequence homology.
c. selecting appropriate genes for comparison
among species.
d. inferring evolutionary relatedness from the
number of sequence differences.

The following questions refer
to the table below, which
compares the sequence
homology of four different parts
(2 introns and 2 exons) of a gene that is found
in five different eukaryotic species. Each part
is numbered to indicate its distance from the
promoter (e.g., Intron I is that closest to the
promoter). The data reported for Species A were
obtained by comparing DNA from one member of
species A to another member of Species A.
Which of these four gene parts should allow the
construction of the most accurate phylogenetic
tree, assuming that this is the only part of the
gene that has acted as a reliable molecular
clock?
a. Intron I b. Exon I c. Intron VI d. Exon
V

The following questions refer
to the table below, which
compares the sequence
homology of four different parts
(2 introns and 2 exons) of a gene that is found
in five different eukaryotic species. Each part
is numbered to indicate its distance from the
promoter (e.g., Intron I is that closest to the
promoter). The data reported for Species A were
obtained by comparing DNA from one member of
species A to another member of Species A.
Which of these is the best explanation for Intron
I's relatively high sequence homology among these
five species?
a. It is the most-upstream of this gene's
introns.
b. It was once an exon, but became intronic in
the common ancestor of these five species.
c. Due to alternative gene splicing, it is often
treated as an exon in these five species as an
exon, it codes for an important part of a
polypeptide.
d. It has a relatively high average rate of
mutation.

an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose
strata are labeled A-D.
Which stratum should contain the greatest
proportion of extinct organisms?

an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose
strata are labeled A-D.
If "x" indicates the location of fossils of two
closely related species, then fossils of their
most-recent common ancestor are most likely to
occur in which stratum?

Blue light is that portion of the visible
spectrum that penetrates the deepest into bodies
of water. Ultraviolet (UV) light, though, can
penetrate even deeper. A gene within a population
of marine fish that inhabits depths from 500 m to
1,000 m has an allele for a
photopigment that is
sensitive to UV light,
and another allele for
a photopigment that is
sensitive to blue light.
Which graph below best
depicts the predicted
distribution of these
alleles if the fish that
carry these alleles prefer
to locate themselves where
they can see best?

When sufficient heat is applied, double-stranded
DNA denatures into two single-stranded molecules
as the heat breaks all of the hydrogen bonds. In
an experiment, molecules of single-stranded DNA
from species X are separately hybridized with
putatively homologous single-stranded DNA
molecules from five species (A-E). The hybridized
DNAs are then heated, and the temperature at
which complete denaturation occurs is recorded.
Based on the data below,
which species is probably
most closely related to
species X?

Typically, mutations that modify the active site
of an enzyme are more likely to be harmful than
mutations that affect other parts of the enzyme.
A hypothetical enzyme consists of four domains
(AD), and the amino acid sequences of these four
domains have been determined in five related
species. Given the proportion of amino acid
homologies among the five species at each of the
four domains, which domain probably contains the
active site?

Which curve in the graph below best depicts the
way that mutation rate varies over time in a gene
that can serve as a reliable molecular clock?

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Evolution Review - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Evolution Review

Evolution Review AP Biology – PowerPoint PPT presentation