Development of single photon counting pixel detectors for synchrotron radiation applications

1
Development of single photon counting pixel
detectors for synchrotron radiation applications

• Hidenori Toyokawa
• Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute /
  SPring-8

Swiss Light Source / PSI
SPring-8, Japan
2.4 GeV storage ring First beam August 2001 User
operation from October 2001
8 GeV storage ring First beam March 1997 User
operation from October 1997
SPring-8 and the Switzerland's Paul Scherrer
Institute (PSI) signed the MOU on May 1999 to
promote advanced synchrotron radiation research.
2
PILATUS project

• PILATUS (Pixel Apparatus for the SLS) is a
  challenging project to develop a large area
  single photon counting pixel detector for
  synchrotron radiation experiments by the PSI.
• SLS detector group are sharing laboratories with
  CMS pixel group.
• SPring-8 has been taking a part in the PILATUS
  project since 2001, based on the MOU. Pixel
  Apparatus for SPring-8
• Outline of my talk
• Features of pixel detectors
• Applications at SPring-8 SLS
• Summary and outlook

Mt. PILATUS
3
Existed 2D detectors for Synchrotron Radiation
Applications

• Position sensitive 2D detectors are powerful
  devices for use in synchrotron radiation
  experiments. Imaging plates are representative of
  them, and CCD-based detectors have become a major
  tool for protein crystallography recently.
• These detectors, however, record X-ray intensity
  by integrating the energy deposited by X-ray
  photons.
• Conventional Si, Ge, and NaI detectors are still
  essential instruments, when fluorescence
  background has to be rejected by energy
  discrimination, for example.
• The readout time of CCD is in the second range,
  and that for imaging plate is minutes. It is
  often so inefficient and so time consuming.

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Advantage for Pixel Detector

• In this respect, the single photon counting pixel
  detector is regarded as a new generation of X-ray
  detectors. The most important features are the
  following.
• No dark current, no readout noise and energy
  discrimination, resulting in maximum dynamic
  range.
• High quantum efficiency.
• Short readout time.

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PILATUS 100 K Detector System(Single module)
Complete X-ray Camera System,including Power-
supply, PC, Software Radiation hard design No of
pixels 487 x 195 94965 pixel Pixel size 172
x 172 mm2 Dynamic Range/pixel 20 bits Read out
time Tro 2 ms _at_ 67 MHz Energy Range 3 30
keV Lower discrimination Total Power Consumption
15 W Frame Rate, PCI card Readout system 200 Hz
Air cooled, very simple operation Electronic
shutter, external synchronization
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PILATUS-II chip architecture

• Radiation hard design
• 60 97 5820 pixels
• Pixel size 172 172 mm2
• Chip size 17.54 10.45mm2
• 20 bit counter/pixel (1,048,575 X-rays)
• 6 bit DAC for threshold adjustment

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PILATUS II Module
1 Hamamatsu Sensor 16 PILATUS II Chips (83.76 x
33.54 mm2)
Hybrid from Dyconex
Mechanical Support
Module Control Board
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Bump-Bonded Module with 16 chips

• The fundamental unit of the detector is the
  module, consisting of a single fully-depleted
  monolithic silicon sensor (Hamamatsu 6 wafer)
  with an 8 2 array of readout chips bump bonded
  to it.
• The sensor thickness is 320 mm. At 8 keV the
  absorption Si-sensor is nearly 100 of the
  incoming radiation at 12 keV 75 of the
  radiation is stopped.
• CMOS is UMC 0.25 mm technology 8 wafer 380 or
  720 mm in thickness.
• Bump-bonding was performed at the PSI.
• Bump bonding quality
• Total 200 modules
• 0 defect 5
• 0 - 0.01 67
• 0.01 - 0.1 46
• (including sensor defect)

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Analog performance
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Comparator Calibration
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Comparator Calibration
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Threshold dispersion
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Threshold dispersion
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Rate performance
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SPring-8 Bemline map
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Two-dimensional Time-resolved X-ray Diffraction
Study of Directional Solidification in Steels at
BL46XU

• M. Yonemura, T. Osuki,
• Corporate Research and Development Laboratories,
  Sumitomo Metal Industries
• H. Terasaki, Y. Komizo,
• Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka
  University
• M. Sato, H. Toyokawa
• Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute
• In situ characterization of directional
  solidification process during welding was carried
  out using the time resolved X-ray diffraction
  technique with high frame rate measurements up to
  100 fps. The crystal growth during the rapid
  cooling was caught in detail and employed a
  systematic peak profile analysis in order to
  acquire the essential information for controlling
  the weld microstructure. .

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Time resolved X-ray diffraction patterns during
weld cycle
Initial stage d200//NbC220 ? (100)d//
(100)NbC Final stage Matrix preferred
orientation, NbC random
Halo pattern (Liquid Phase)
?111
?200
(e)1420?
(a)200?
NbC200
d110
NbC311
NbC220
NbC111
(b)500?
(f)1370?
?111
?220
Cooling
Heating
(c)1400?
?200
d200
?111
?111
NbC220
d110
(g)1150?
(d)1660?
NbC200
d200
?200
NbC111
d110
(h)300?
Halo pattern (Liquid Phase)
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Ultra small angle X-ray scattering (BL19B2)
Pilatus 5 min exposure
Imagine plate 5 min exposure
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X-ray diffractometer combining synchrotron
radiation and pulsed magnetic fields up to 40 T
at BL19LXU

• Y. Narumi,a K. Kindo,a K. Katsumata,b M.
  Kawauchi,c Ch. Broennimann,d
• U. Staub,d H. Toyokawa,e Y. Tanaka,b A. Kikkawa,b
  T. Yamamoto,c
• M. Hagiwara,c T. Ishikawa,b and H. Kitamura,b
• aISSP, University of Tokyo
• bRIKEN SPring-8 Center, Harima Institute
• cKYOKUGEN, Osaka University
• dSwiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut
• eJapan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute
• A synchrotron X-ray diffractometer
  incorporating a pulsed field magnet for high
  fields up to 40 T has been developed. The
  PILATUS-II SMD was used to store the diffracted
  X-rays. As a test of this instrument, X-ray
  diffraction by a powder sample of the
  antiferromagnet CoO is measured below the Neel
  temperature. A field-dependent lattice distortion
  of CoO due to magnetostriction is observed up to
  38 T.

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X-ray diffraction at 40 Tesla _at_ Spring 8
Experimental Setup
Powder Pattern at 20 T
Timing
magnetic pulse 5.5 ms (40T max)
trigger
1 ms
1 s
1 s
Magneto-striction of Cobalt-Oxide
Delay 1.4 ms
J. Narumi et al., J. Synchrotron Rad. 13 271-274
(2006)
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Fluorescence XAFS (BL01B1)

• Dynamic range
• Dead time
• 0.10 ms _at_ multi bunches mode
• Count loss 10 _at_ 1106 cps/pixel
• Dynamic range (1106)(8104 pixel)
• 11011 cps/ total area

• Fluorescence XAFS spectra
• Pt-L3 XAFS at BL01B1
• Sample Pt foil
• Measurement time 120 sec

• Future plan
• Depth dependence XAFS
• Grazing incident and position dependent
  fluorescence measurement

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X-ray reflectivity of liquid-liquid interface
(BL37XU)

• Rapid measurement
• Separation from strong scattered BG
• Usual point detector scanning
• PILATUS 2D measurement
• Measurement time less than 1/10

• Reflectivity of liquid-liquid interface
• Absorption gt week signal
• Scattering gt background

Reflection
Scattering

• Reflection profile
• _at_ Qz 0.4 (A-1)
• Measurment time 100 s
• BL37XU _at_ 25 keV

• Reflectivity of Hexane/Water interface

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Pixel Detectors for Protein Crystallography
A major purpose of developing a large
area pixel detector is for macromolecular
crystallography. The PILATUS-6M) has 2463 ? 2527
pixels covering 424 mm ? 435 mm with 5 ? 12
modules.
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PILATUS 6M Parameters

• 60 modules fully functional
• 3 billion transistors
• Module alignement lt 1 pixel
• Clock frequency 25 MHz (50 MHz final)
• Readout time 6ms, (2.54 ms final)
• Image size 25 MB (32 bit)
• Frame rate 4 Hz continuous -gt gt 100 MB/s on disk
  sustained (DAQ E. Eikenberry)
• Shutter synchronization via external trigger
  input
• Exposure timing defined by PILATUS detector
• Online corrections

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Ferritin Protein Crystal
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Insulin Protein Crystal
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Decagonal AlIrOs Quasicrystal
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Samson Phase
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Summary and outlook

• We have been developing the large area single
  photon counting pixel detectors.
• PILATUS-II 100K realizes a desired performance
  with a fast frame rate up to 200 Hz. It has wide
  application ranges, and several systems are
  already distributed to other synchrotron
  radiation facilities.
• PILATUS-6M detector with the 5 ? 12 modules for
  protein crystallography has been completed at
  SLS.
• PILATUS-2M detector with the 3 ? 8 modules for
  small angle scattering and other applications is
  under development.
• PILATUS-XFS project starts this yser.
• 75 mm 75 mm pixel, gt 10,000 fps

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I would like to thank A. Bergamaschi, Ch.
Broennimann, R. Dinapoli, E.F. Eikenberry, B.
Henrich, M. Kobas, P. Kraft, M. Naef, H.
Rickert, P. Salficky, B. Schmitt PSI, SLS
Detector Group, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland R.
Horisberger, et al PSI, CMS-Pixel,
Villigen-PSI, Switzerland M. Sato, M. Suzuki ,
H.Tanida T. Uruga, et al... JASRI, SPring-8,
Japan Jared Winton, Bryn Sobott The University
of Melbourne, Australia H. Niko University of
Tokyo, SPring-8, Japan