Ski resort and environment: an efficiency analysis.

1
Ski resort and environment an efficiency
analysis.
Olga Goncalves, CAEPEM, U. de Perpignan  Hélène
Michel, IREGE, ESC Chambéry    Nicolas Peypoch,
CAEPEM, U. de Perpignan   Elisabeth Robinot,
IREGE, U. de Savoie TTRA, Archamps, 2011
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Ski resort and environment an efficiency
analysis.Presentation Contents

• Introduction
• Theoretical Framework
• Data
• Results and Discussion
• Conclusion

3
Ski resort and environment an efficiency
analysis.

1. Introduction

• Context
• France is among the top three ski nations in the
  world.
• Several professionnals considered this activity
  as mature cash-generating business
• New challenges
• New competitors (Montenegro, Slovania..)
• Aging of equipment
• Environmental pressures

4
Ski resort and environment an efficiency
analysis.

1. Introduction

• Research Questions
• Are ski resorts technically efficient or not?
• Is ski resort efficiency driven by green
  actions?
• Which ones?

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Ski resort and environment an efficiency analysis
2. Theoretical Framework

• Ski resorts management
• - Necessity to adopt new environmental
  management systems Williams and Todd, 1997
  Singh, 2008.
• - Lack on tools based on benchmarking Hudson
  and Shephard, 1998 Ormiston, Gilbert and
  Manning, 1998.
• Environment and ski resort management
• - Social perspectives Laguna and Lansata
  2003 Lasanta et al., 2007 Palmer and Mathel,
  2010 Walpole and Goodwin, 2000.
• - Environmental damages Tsuyuzaki 1994
  Falk 2009 Beyazi and Koc 2010.
• -Benefit to adopt environmental initiatives
  Williams and Todd ,1997 Flagestad and Hope,
  2001 Ritchie and Crouch, 2005.

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Ski resort and environment an efficiency analysis
2. Theoretical Framework

• Two-step Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)
  procedure
• - 1st stage ski resort efficiency evaluation
• - 2nd stage regression analysis of
  determinants of efficiency
  (environmental factors)

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• 1st stage Efficiency measurement

2. Theoretical Framework

• Data Envelopment Analysis
• Non parametric approach
• Efficiency measurement
• Decision Making Units
• (DMU)

Output
Efficient frontier
C
A
B
A
Possibility set T
Input
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1st stage Efficiency measurement

• Returns to scale CCR and BCC model

2. Theoretical Framework

• CCR model Charnes, Cooper
• and Rhodes (1978)
• BCC model Banker, Charnes
• and Cooper (1984)

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Data 1st stage
3. Data
INPUTS - Number of slopes - Days of opening -
Permanent employement - Seasonal employement -
Beds - Parking spaces
OUTPUTS - Turnover - Number of skier days -
Ski-lift traffic
DMU

• 38 ski resorts analysed
• Output orientation How much the quantity of
  output can be proportionally increased without
  changing the amount of input used?
• Returns to scale Constant returns to scale
  (CCR) and Variable returns to scale (BCC)

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Ski resort and environment an efficiency
analysis.
3. Methodology and data
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Data 2nd stage
3. Data

• Indicators
• Transport (Easy access, sustainable mobility)
• Energy (Renewable energies)
• Development (Sustainable management..)
• Rubbish and waste
• (Recycling collection)

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RESULTS 1st STAGE
4. Results and Discussion

• CCR model
• 15 ski resorts are technically efficient at 100

• BCC model
• 24 ski resorts are technically efficient at 100

• CCR Mean efficiency 1.129
• Min 1
• Max 1.561
• St. Dev. 0.157

• BCC Mean efficiency 1.060
• Min 1
• Max 1.506
• St. Dev. 0.122

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Ski resort and environment an efficiency
analysis.
4. Results and Discussion

• On 16 actions, 10 have an impacts on the
  technical efficiency.
• Transport variables 2/4 have a positive impact
  care sharing to pollute less
• reduction of the traffic congestion,
• expanded transit services for restaurants or
  hotels,
• creation of a significant source of jobs (i.e.,
  management, operations and maintenance of
  vehicles and facilities),
• Bus ski-pass package and Pedestrian zone dont
  have impact on the efficiency score

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Ski resort and environment an efficiency
analysis.
4. Results and Discussion

• Energy variables 2/4 variables have positive
  impacts on the efficiency score.
• Most of ski resorts mobilize Thermal Systems and
  Wood boiler
• the Solar power utilization and
  Eco-consumption/municipalities
• dont have impact on the efficiency score.
• Development 1/5 variableshas a positive impact
  Green Building Standard (HQE)
• Town Planning and Ski area management have
  negative impacts
• Incentives / taxes and Protected areas have no
  impact on efficiency

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Ski resort and environment an efficiency
analysis.
4. Results and Discussion

• Recycling variables 3/3 have an impact
• - Information on recycling collection and
  Recycling collection have positive influence on
  efficiency
• - Internal policies are influencing negatively
  the efficiency score.

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Ski resort and environment an efficiency
analysis.
5. Conclusions

• Impacts of environmental variables on the French
  Ski resorts efficiency.
• 50 French mountain resorts have joined the
  National Charter for Sustainable Development.
• Futures research Consumer point of view