Slide Show Intro

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Slide Show Intro
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Welcome to Presentation Plus!
THE WORLD IN TRANSITION
THE WORLD IN TRANSITION
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Contents
Contents
Chapter Focus Section 1 The End of the Cold
War Section 2 The Crumbling Wall Section
3 Toward a European Union Section 4 National
and Ethnic Conflicts Section 5 Global
Interdependence Chapter Review
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Chapter Focus (1)
Chapter Focus
Chapter Themes

• Change The end of the cold war and the collapse
  of communism transform the relationship of the
  United States and the Soviet Union. (Section 1) ?

• Change The weakening of the Soviet Union and the
  rise of reform movements bring an end to Soviet
  control in Eastern Europe. (Section 2) ?
• Cooperation The European Union works to create a
  united Europe that will be a major economic
  power. (Section 3) ?
• Conflict National and ethnic conflicts intensify
  worldwide after the end of the cold war.
  (Section 4) ?
• Cultural Diffusion New technology and an
  integrated world communications system speed the
  transfer of ideas and practices throughout the
  world. (Section 5)

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Chapter Focus (2)
Chapter Focus
Chapter Focus Transparency
The next slide is a picture of the Olympic Games
parade of nations. At the beginning of the
Olympic Games, the athletes march into the
stadium with their national flags. After they
are all inside they stand and pledge to obey the
rules of fair play and sportsmanship.
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Chapter Focus (3)
Chapter Focus Transparency 37
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End of Chapter Focus
End of Chapter Focus
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Section 1-1
Section 1
The End of the Cold War
1 of 28
Setting the Scene

• Terms to Define trade deficit, budget deficit,
  glasnost, perestroika, privatization ?

• People to Meet Ronald Reagan, George Bush, Bill
  Clinton, Madeleine Albright, Mikhail Gorbachev,
  Boris Yeltsin ?
• Places to Locate Moscow, Latvia, Lithuania,
  Estonia, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan,
  Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan,
  Tajikistan, Turkmenistan ?

What developments changed superpower relations by
the mid-1990s?
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Section 1-2
Section 1 Lecture Notes
2 of 28
Introduction

• In the early 1980s, cold war tensions between the
  United States and the Soviet Union increased
  dramatically. ?

• The two superpowers faced growing domestic and
  international changes that would lead to the end
  of the cold war.

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Section 1-3
Section 1 Lecture Notes
3 of 28
The United States

• By the early 1980s, the United States was losing
  its dominance of the global market and changed
  from a lending nation to a borrowing nation. ?

• America also experienced trade deficits, buying
  more from foreign nations than it sold in foreign
  markets.

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Section 1-4
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Reinventing Government

• In 1980 Republican Ronald Reagan won the
  presidency partly on his promise to reduce the
  budget deficit, or the difference between the
  amount of money the government earns in revenues
  and what it spends. ?

• Reagan cut spending on social programs and
  lowered taxes to stimulate economic growth.

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Section 1-5
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Reinventing Government (cont.)

• However, increased military spending by Reagan
  and his Republican successor, George Bush, pushed
  the budget deficit to new heights. ?

• In 1992 American voters elected Democrat Bill
  Clinton as President. Clinton favored both
  moderate deficit reduction and increased
  spending. ?
• The Republicans in 1994 won control of both
  houses of Congress for the first time in 40 years.

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Section 1-6
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Reinventing Government (cont.)

• By 1997, government cutbacks had helped reduce
  the annual federal budget deficit. ?

• Despite an overall trade deficit, the United
  States had strengthened its global economic
  position by streamlining industries, using new
  technology, and opening new markets.

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Section 1-7
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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American Foreign Policy

• During the 1980s and 1990s, sweeping changes in
  the world affected American foreign policy. ?

• In the early 1980s, tensions heightened between
  the United States and the Soviet Union, but
  relations improved by mid-decade. ?
• With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991,
  the United States supported democracy in Russia
  and other former Communist nations.

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Section 1-8
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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American Foreign Policy (cont.)

• In the 1990s the United States sought to develop
  a new foreign policy that was generally conducted
  through diplomacy or by using economic pressures.
  ?

• One of the architects of the new foreign policy
  was Madeleine Albright, who in 1997 became the
  first woman to serve as Secretary of State.

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Section 1-9
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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American Society

• As the twentieth century drew to a close,
  opportunities and challenges faced the United
  States. ?

• Americans recognized the need for more effective
  ways to improve education and provide people with
  relevant job skills. ?
• Crime, violence, and terrorism also challenged
  United States leaders.

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Section 1-10
Section 1 Lecture Notes
10 of 28
American Society (cont.)

• Diseases such as AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency
  syndrome) have killed and threatened thousands in
  the United States. ?

• Immigration became a pressing issue in the 1990s.
  In 1996, under public pressure, Congress passed
  legislation that imposed new restrictions on both
  legal and illegal immigrants.

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Section 1-11
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Gorbachevs USSR

• In the mid-1980s Mikhail Gorbachev, a
  reform-minded leader, came to power in the Soviet
  Union. ?

• To transform the inefficient, state-run economy
  and halt the decay of Soviet society, Gorbachev
  was willing to make drastic changes.

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Section 1-12
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Gorbachevs USSR (cont.)

• Under his policy of glasnost, meaning openness,
  Gorbachev allowed freedom of expression for
  Soviet citizens. ?

• Gorbachev also pushed for perestroika, a
  rebuilding of the Soviet economy that included
  limited moves toward free enterprise.

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Section 1-13
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Gorbachevs Foreign Policy

• Facing the enormous American military buildup
  under President Reagan, Gorbachev needed to
  negotiate new arms-reduction agreements with the
  United States. ?

• Since Soviet economic progress depended on
  military cutbacks, Gorbachev made large
  concessions to settle long-stalled treaty
  negotiations.

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Section 1-14
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Gorbachevs Foreign Policy (cont.)

• To further ease global tensions, Gorbachev
  withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan. ?

• Gorbachev also encouraged Eastern European
  Communist leaders to carry out democratic reforms
  that eventually brought down the Iron Curtain.

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Section 1-15
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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New Challenges

• Gorbachev was increasingly criticized in the USSR
  as economic problems worsened and reforms
  stalled. ?

• At the same time, the conservative bureaucracy
  and military resisted change, fearing the loss of
  jobs and the weakening of Soviet might.

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Section 1-16
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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New Challenges (cont.)

• By 1990, perestroikas slow pace had brought
  forward Boris Yeltsin, a former Gorbachev ally,
  to challenge Gorbachevs leadership. ?

• Wanting to increase the pace of reforms, Yeltsin
  took his case to the people, winning election to
  the presidency of the Russian Republic.

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Section 1-17
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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The Soviet Breakup

• While Gorbachev faced mounting opposition from
  political rivals, nationalist and ethnic unrest
  began to sweep the Soviet Union. ?

• As its name reflected, the Union of Soviet
  Socialist Republics (USSR) was a union of 15
  separate republics, or states. ?
• The largest was Russia, which included the Soviet
  capital, Moscow.

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Section 1-18
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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The Soviet Breakup (cont.)

• A strong Soviet secret police and army had long
  kept opposition and nationalist groups under
  control. ?

• Throughout the republics there were now strong
  demands for self-rule, if not outright
  secession. ?
• In 1990 Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia became the
  first republics to declare their independence
  from the Soviet Union.

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Section 1-19
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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A Dangerous Course

• To appease the conservatives who feared a breakup
  of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev began a rollback
  of glasnost in the early 1990s and adopted new
  hard-line positions. ?

• Some of Gorbachevs reform-minded political aides
  resigned in protest, and Soviet citizens, led by
  Yeltsin, called for Gorbachev to step down.

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Section 1-20
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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The Coup Attempt

• In August 1991, Soviet military hard-liners and
  secret police staged a coup to remove Gorbachev
  from power and to restore the old order. ?

• Early support for the coup evaporated in the
  face of the heroic leadership of Boris Yeltsin in
  Moscow and the lack of military support.

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Section 1-21
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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The Coup Attempt (cont.)

• The coup turned out to be the turning point for
  the Soviet Union. Gorbachevs power was
  weakened, and Yeltsin became the real leader of
  the Soviet Union. ?

• Popular anger at the Communist party and the
  secret police swept the land, and the party
  dissolved.

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Section 1-22
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Independent Republics

• By late September 1991, all the Soviet republics
  had announced their independence from the Soviet
  Union. ?

• In December 1991, the three Slavic
  republicsRussia, Ukraine, and Belarusannounced
  the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent
  States (CIS), a loose association of republics to
  take the place of the Soviet Union.

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Section 1-23
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Independent Republics (cont.)

• As other republics quickly joined the CIS,
  Mikhail Gorbachev became a man without a country
  to govern and resigned the Soviet presidency.

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Map Supplement 1-1
Map Supplement
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Section 1-24
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Foreign Policy

• After the Soviet breakup, Russian president
  Yeltsin moved to ensure the security of the
  Soviet nuclear arsenal. ?

• Yeltsin and the leaders of the other republics
  holding nuclear weaponsUkraine, Belarus, and
  Kazakhstanagreed that Russia would assume
  command of the weapons. ?
• Ukraine later declared itself a nuclear-free zone
  and dismantled its arsenal of nuclear warheads.

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Section 1-25
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Foreign Policy (cont.)

• By 1997, Russia and the United States no longer
  targeted nuclear warheads at each other. ?

• During the 1990s, Russia at first opposed the
  Wests effort to turn NATO into a collective
  security alliance embracing much of Europe,
  including Eastern European countries formerly
  under Soviet control.

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Section 1-26
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Foreign Policy (cont.)

• To allay Russian security fears, the West pledged
  not to place nuclear weapons in Eastern Europe. ?

• Russia also strengthened economic and political
  ties with the West by joining the leading free
  enterprise democracies in periodic discussions
  that became known as the Group of Eight.

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Section 1-27
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Economic and Social Changes

• At home, Yeltsin introduced reforms to move
  Russias economy from government control to free
  enterprise. ?

• These measures included removing price controls,
  closing inefficient factories, and promoting
  privatization, the setting up of privately owned
  businesses. ?
• Other republics such as Ukraine, Georgia,
  Armenia, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and
  Turkmenistan pushed similar economic reforms.

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Section 1-28
Section 1 Lecture Notes
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Economic and Social Changes (cont.)

• By the mid-1990s, new businesses and a new middle
  class were growing in the former Soviet
  republics. Yet mismanagement and corruption
  stalled many reforms. ?

• Russia faced mounting social problems as workers,
  the elderly, and the poor suffered economic
  hardships. ?
• Taking advantage of widespread dissatisfaction,
  nationalists and Communists in Russia tried but
  failed to block Yeltsins free-enterprise reforms.

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Section 1-Review
Section 1 Review
How did Gorbachevs policy of glasnost contribute
to ethnic unrest in the former Soviet republics
and open the way for independence movements there?
It allowed people to express discontent and admit
problems rigid controls were dropped and old
resentments resurfaced.
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End of Section 1
End of Section 1
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slide.
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Section 2-1
Section 2
The Crumbling Wall
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Setting the Scene

• Terms to Define autonomy ?

• People to Meet Pope John Paul II, Lech Walesa,
  Nicolae Ceausescu, Václav Havel, Aleksander
  Kwasniewski, Slobodan Milosevic ?
• Places to Locate Poland, Gdansk, East Germany,
  Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Berlin, the Czech
  Republic, Slovakia, Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina,
  Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, Serbia, Montenegro,
  Dayton ?

How did Soviet Communist controls come to an end
in Eastern Europe?
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Section 2-2
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Introduction

• During the 1980s, the Communist nations of
  Eastern Europe, like the Soviet Union, faced
  massive problems. ?

• Their government-controlled lagging economies
  failed to produce high-quality consumer goods. ?
• When the Soviet Union signaled that it would not
  object to changes in Eastern Europe, the
  Communist systems collapsed.

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Section 2-3
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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The Rise of Solidarity

• The final round of unrest in Eastern Europe began
  in the 1970s and continued into the 1980s. ?

• In 1978 the antigovernment movement in Poland
  received a strong boost when the Roman Catholic
  Church named a Polish church leader, Karol
  Wojtyla, as Pope John Paul II. ?
• In 1980 Polish workers led by Lech Walesa
  organized a trade union called Solidarity in the
  Baltic port of Gdansk.

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Section 2-4
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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The Rise of Solidarity (cont.)

• In a remarkable victory, the strikers forced the
  Polish government to recognize Solidarity in
  October 1980. ?

• Under Walesas leadership, Solidarity demanded
  free elections and a voice for workers in forming
  government policy.

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Section 2-5
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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The Rise of Solidarity (cont.)

• Under pressure from the Soviet Union, Polish
  authorities outlawed the union 16 months later
  and jailed many of its leaders. ?

• Although Solidaritys activities were not
  immediately successful, it inspired people in
  other Eastern European countries. ?
• Walesa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983.

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Section 2-6
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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1989 A Year of Miracles

• By the late 1980s, reduced production, decreases
  in labor productivity, high inflation, and trade
  deficits had virtually paralyzed the economies of
  Eastern Europe. ?

• Dissent against communism reached its peak in
  1989.

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Section 2-7
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Soviet Policies

• In March 1989, Gorbachev pledged not to
  interfere with democratic reforms in Hungary. ?

• Gorbachev decided that most unstable Eastern-bloc
  governments would continue to require costly
  military intervention. ?
• Gorbachev thought that Soviet interests would be
  better served if he simply let these governments
  fall.

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Section 2-8
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Collapse of Communism

• In 1989 Communist governments in Eastern Europe
  crumbled under the weight of staggering problems.
  ?

• As economic and political instability increased,
  Communist regimes either resigned or were
  overturned in East Germany, Czechoslovakia,
  Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria. ?
• In mid-1989 Hungary opened its sealed borders,
  allowing a flood of East German refugees to
  emigrate.

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Section 2-9
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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The Walls Fall

• Amid calls for democratic reform, Erich
  Honeckers East German government was toppled in
  October. ?

• The next month, in an attempt to quiet reform
  demands, the government lifted all travel
  restrictions between East and West Germany. ?
• On the evening of November 9, 1989, the famous
  Brandenburg Gate at the Berlin Wall was opened.

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Section 2-10
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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The Walls Fall (cont.)

• In the following days, people on both sides of
  the wall attacked it with picks and shovels,
  opening huge holeseven selling chunks as
  souvenirs. ?

• The government, helpless before this popular
  uprising, ordered the rest of the wall between
  East and West Berlin torn down.

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Section 2-11
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Violence in Romania

• The overthrow of Communist governments in Eastern
  Europe was, for the most part, nonviolent. ?

• The one grim chapter in the story took place in
  Romania, where dictator Nicolae Ceausescu had
  ruled for 24 years.

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Section 2-12
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Violence in Romania (cont.)

• Hundreds of people were killed before the
  Romanians revolted and ousted the brutal dictator
  in December 1989. ?

• In 1989 Ceausescu and his wife, Elena, were tried
  and shot.

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Section 2-13
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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New Leaders in a New Age

• Following the downfall of Communist governments,
  reformers looked for new leaders to bring
  democracy and stability to their countries. ?

• In East Germanyespecially in the divided city of
  Berlinthe fall of the Berlin Wall quickly led to
  calls for the reunification of Germany.

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Section 2-14
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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New Leaders in a New Age (cont.)

• On December 2, 1990, Helmut Kohl, riding a wave
  of pro-unification sentiment, was elected in a
  landslide as the first chancellor of a reunited
  Germany. ?

• Czechoslovakia elected a dissident playwright,
  Václav Havel, who had been in jail only months
  before. ?
• Then, in 1992, Czech and Slovak leaders agreed to
  split Czechoslovakia into two separate
  nationsthe Czech Republic and the Republic of
  Slovakia.

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Section 2-15
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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New Leaders in a New Age (cont.)

• In Poland, voters made a choice that surprised no
  one Lech Walesa was elected president in 1990. ?

• Even staunchly Communist Albania held democratic
  elections in 1991.

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Section 2-16
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Facing Challenges

• After coming to power, new Eastern European
  governments faced the awesome task of shifting
  from communism to democracy and free enterprise.

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Section 2-17
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Facing Challenges (cont.)

• State-run economies were in shambles, and new
  governments inherited a host of problems
  including ?

• inefficient or outdated industries ?
• huge national debts ?
• workforces paid regardless of the quality of
  their work ?
• artificially low prices for basic goods ?
• currencies considered worthless by the rest of
  the world ?
• how to attract foreign investment

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Section 2-18
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Reforms and Stability

• With their strong industrial bases, the Czech
  Republic, Hungary, and Poland seemed the most
  likely to succeed in the transition from
  communism to capitalism. ?

• In Hungary and Poland, however, dissatisfied
  voters in the mid-1990s returned ex-Communists to
  power.

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Section 2-19
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Reforms and Stability (cont.)

• For example, a 41-year-old former Communist,
  Aleksander Kwasniewski, defeated Lech Walesa for
  Polands presidency. ?

• Eastern Europes reformed Communists supported
  democracy and favored their countries joining
  NATO.

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Section 2-20
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Upheavals

• The post-Communist era brought economic
  hardships, political instability, and widespread
  violence to the southern part of Eastern Europe. ?

• In Bulgaria, ex-Communist leaders poorly managed
  the state-run economy and were hit by a grain
  shortage and severe inflation.

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Section 2-21
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Upheavals (cont.)

• In Albania, Eastern Europes poorest country,
  democracy and free enterprise were nearly
  engulfed in chaos. ?

• In 1997 Albanians rioted, blaming the government
  for their economic collapse and demanding payment.

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Section 2-22
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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War in the Balkans

• Eastern Europe experienced a rebirth of
  nationalist feeling after communisms fall. ?

• For centuries, tensions had existed among
  Yugoslavias many ethnic groups. However, these
  hatreds were muted under the Communist leadership
  of Josip Broz Tito. ?
• After Titos death in 1980, Communist controls
  gradually weakened, and in 1990, opposition
  political parties were allowed to form.

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Section 2-23
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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War in the Balkans (cont.)

• In 1990 multiparty elections in Yugoslavia,
  non-Communist parties won most seats in the
  parliaments of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia,
  Macedonia, and Slovenia. ?

• In Serbia and Montenegro, the former Communist
  parties, renamed as Socialist parties, won
  majorities.

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Section 2-24
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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War in the Balkans (cont.)

• The leader of Serbia, Slobodan Milosevic,
  renounced communism but was intent on expanding
  his power. ?

• In 1991, when Serbia opposed any restructuring of
  Yugoslavia that would give the other republics
  more autonomy, or self-rule, Slovenia and Croatia
  declared their independence.

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Section 2-25
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Fighting in Croatia

• In the 1990s, fighting broke out in Croatia
  between the Croat army and ethnic Serbs who
  refused to be under Croat rule. ?

• Serbia and Montenegro, which together became
  known as Yugoslavia, backed the ethnic Serbs of
  Croatia.

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Section 2-26
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Fighting in Croatia (cont.)

• A cease-fire in 1992 finally ended much of
  the fighting in Croatia, and UN peacekeeping
  forces remained. ?

• A Croat offensive in 1995 finally brought the
  Serb-held territory back into Croatia, but
  tensions between the two groups continue.

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Section 2-27
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Bosnia-Herzegovina

• In 1992 most of the Muslim population and the
  ethnic Croats in Bosnia-Herzegovina voted for
  independence from Serb-controlled Yugoslavia. ?

• Ethnic Serbs living in Bosnia-Herzegovina opposed
  the election and its outcome, causing fighting to
  break out between the ethnic Serbs, Bosnian
  Muslims, and the Croats.

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Section 2-28
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Bosnia-Herzegovina (cont.)

• In 1994 the exhausted Bosnian Muslims and Croats
  formed a federation, and the United States asked
  the Bosnian Serbs to end the fighting and join as
  well. ?

• After military pressure from Croatias land
  forces and NATO air strikes, the Bosnian Serbs
  accepted a cease-fire and American-sponsored
  peace talks.

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Section 2-29
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Bosnia-Herzegovina (cont.)

• In 1995 the leaders of Bosnia-Herzegovina,
  Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro), and Croatia
  met at Dayton, Ohio, and agreed to set up a
  Bosnian state divided into separate Croat-Muslim
  and Serb regions.

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Section 2-30
Section 2 Lecture Notes
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Milosevics Serbia

• Dissatisfaction with leader Slobodan Milosevic
  led to discord in Serbia. ?

• In 1996 Milosevics government refused to accept
  the victory of opposition parties in local
  elections. ?
• After numerous protests were staged in
  Belgradethe Serbian capitaland other towns,
  in 1997 Milosevic finally acknowledged the
  oppositions victories.

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69
Section 2-Review
Section 2 Review
What kinds of changes have occurred rapidly in
Eastern European countries? Which changes are
occurring slowly?
The collapse of Communist systems and the
establishment of new governments has been rapid.
Privatization and the establishment of a free
market has been a slower process.
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End of Section 2
End of Section 2
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Section 3-1
Section 3
Toward a European Union
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Setting the Scene

• Terms to Define referendum, collective security ?

• People to Meet Margaret Thatcher, John Major,
  Tony Blair, François Mitterrand, Jacques Chirac,
  Helmut Kohl, Juan Carlos I, Felipe González,
  Andreas Papandreou ?
• Places to Locate Northern Ireland, Cyprus ?

What steps have Western European nations taken to
unify their governments and
economies?
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Section 3-2
Section 3 Lecture Notes
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Introduction

• Since the 1970s, Western European nations have
  faced economic recession, budget deficits, and
  high unemployment. ?

• However, they also have worked to modernize their
  societies and to balance economic growth with the
  social needs of their peoples. ?
• By 1995, Western Europe as a whole had made great
  strides toward full economic and political unity.

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73
Section 3-3
Section 3 Lecture Notes
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Great Britain

• During the 1970s, Great Britains economic woes
  continued under Labour governments. ?

• In 1979 voters, dissatisfied with a weak economy,
  high taxes, and trade union strikes, brought the
  Conservative party into a long period of power.

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74
Section 3-4
Section 3 Lecture Notes
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Thatcher and Major

• As Great Britains first woman prime minister,
  Conservative party leader Margaret Thatcher
  aggressively introduced free market measures. ?

• Thatchers successor, John Major, led a
  Conservative party increasingly divided
  over Great Britains ties to Europe. ?
• During the 1990s, the British economy continued
  to grow, with falling unemployment and relatively
  low inflation.

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75
Section 3-5
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Thatcher and Major (cont.)

• In 1997, after nearly 18 years of Conservative
  rule, voters wanted a change and brought the
  Labour party to power. ?

• The new prime minister, Tony Blair, favored low
  taxes, tightly controlled social spending, and
  closer ties to Europe.

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Section 3-6
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Thatcher and Major (cont.)

• The most innovative of Blairs plans was the
  reform of British government, including home rule
  for Scotland and Wales. ?

• In 1997 Scottish voters approved creation of
  their own parliament to tax and legislate on
  local issues, and Welsh voters backed plans for a
  less powerful assembly that would spend funds
  provided by the British Parliament.

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Section 3-7
Section 3 Lecture Notes
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Ireland

• A major European issue from the 1970s to the
  1990s was the status of Northern Ireland, the
  British-ruled province torn by divisions between
  Protestants and Catholics. ?

• The Protestant majority wanted to remain British,
  whereas the Catholic minority wanted to be part
  of the Republic of Ireland.

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Section 3-8
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Ireland (cont.)

• As clashes between Protestants and Catholics
  increased, the British government sent troops to
  Northern Ireland and imposed direct rule during
  the early 1970s. ?

• Meanwhile, the outlawed Irish Republican Army
  (IRA) fought British rule by attacking British
  military forces and civilians in the province and
  in Great Britain.

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Section 3-9
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Ireland (cont.)

• In the 1980s Margaret Thatcher took stern
  measures by suspending the civil liberties of
  suspected IRA terrorists. ?

• In 1995 John Major achieved a cease-fire in
  Northern Ireland, but peace talks were not
  successful. ?
• Two years later, the IRA agreed to another
  cease-fire, and Sinn Fein, the IRAs political
  wing, entered talks with British and Irish
  officials.

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Section 3-10
Section 3 Lecture Notes
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France

• France enjoyed political stability from the 1970s
  to the 1990s. ?

• In 1981 French voters elected François Mitterrand
  as Frances first Socialist president. ?
• In 1995 Jacques Chirac, the conservative mayor of
  Paris, was elected president of France. ?
• Chirac promised a referendum, or popular vote, on
  Frances future relationship with a united Europe.

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Section 3-11
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France (cont.)

• In 1997 a majority of voters rebuffed Chirac and
  elected Socialists and other leftists to Frances
  legislature. ?

• Chirac pushed for less spending and more business
  growth, whereas his Socialist opponents stressed
  jobs for unemployed workers and the protection of
  social benefits.

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Section 3-12
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Germany

• During the 1970s West Germany, under Chancellor
  Willy Brandt and his successor, Helmut Schmidt,
  enjoyed prosperity. ?

• The early 1980s saw a growth of inflation and
  unemployment. Promising better times, a
  conservative chancellor, Helmut Kohl, came to
  power. ?
• In 1990 Kohl presided over the reunification of
  Germany following the collapse of communism in
  Eastern Europe.

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Section 3-13
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Germany (cont.)

• However, eastern Germanys economic rebuilding
  after years of Communist rule required vast
  expenditures, and West Germans were taxed to
  support this restructuring. ?

• By 1997, unemployment was at its highest level
  throughout Germany since the 1930s. ?
• Social and political unrest accompanied economic
  difficulties throughout Germany.

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Section 3-14
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Germany (cont.)

• That same year, Germanys highest court ruled
  that German troops could take part in
  international peacekeeping missions. ?

• Until then, the constitution had banned all
  military activities except those related to
  collective security, or joint agreement by
  nations to protect themselves from attack.

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Section 3-15
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Mediterranean Europe

• Mediterranean Europe made great strides in
  political and economic development from the 1970s
  to the 1990s. ?

• Dictatorships fell and democracies arose in Spain
  and Portugal. Economic recession, however, hurt
  the Mediterranean countries.

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Section 3-16
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Italy

• From the 1970s to the 1990s, a variety of
  economic, social, and political problems plagued
  Italy. ?

• Among the problems were the uneven distribution
  of wealth and an inefficient and constantly
  changing government. ?
• During the 1970s, Italy had the largest Communist
  party in Western Europe. ?
• The Communist party was popular in part because
  it promoted a less authoritarian view of
  communism.

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Section 3-17
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Italy (cont.)

• Christian Democrats, later renamed the Populists,
  controlled the government during the late 1980s
  and early 1990s. ?

• During this time, the leftist parties Communists
  and Socialistssuffered from policy disputes and
  political scandals. ?
• By the late 1990s, government power shifted back
  and forth between conservative and leftist
  coalitions.

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Section 3-18
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Spain and Portugal

• After nearly 35 years of dictatorship under
  Francisco Franco, Spain in the late 1970s entered
  a new era of democracy guided by its new king,
  Juan Carlos I. ?

• For most of the 1980s and 1990s, Spains
  democratic government was in the hands of
  the Socialists and their leader, Felipe González.

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Section 3-19
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Spain and Portugal (cont.)

• In 1996 Spanish voters replaced the Socialists
  with a conservative democratic government under
  José Maria Aznar. ?

• Since then, the Spanish government has granted
  the Basque Provinces and other regions of Spain
  increased self-rule. ?
• Spain has also strengthened its links to the rest
  of Europe after joining NATO and the European
  Community in the 1980s.

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Section 3-20
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Spain and Portugal (cont.)

• In Portugal, dictatorship ended with a military
  coup in 1974. Two years later the nation held
  its first free elections in 50 years. ?

• During this time, Portugal freed most of its
  African and Asian colonies and in 1986 joined the
  European Community.

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Section 3-21
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Greece

• From the mid-1960s to the early 1970s, Greece was
  ruled by a repressive military government. ?

• In 1974 democracy was restored, and for the next
  two decades the country was ruled by either
  conservatives or Socialists. ?
• In 1981 the Socialists under Premier Andreas
  Papandreou brought Greece into the European
  Community.

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Section 3-22
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Greece (cont.)

• In recent years, Greece has had differences with
  neighboring Turkey over Cyprus, a Mediterranean
  island republic. ?

• Since 1974, Turkish forces have occupied northern
  Cyprus, while southern Cyprus remains under a
  government led by Greek Cypriots.

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Section 3-23
Section 3 Lecture Notes
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A United Europe

• During the 1980s and 1990s, the Common Market
  broadened its activities to include political and
  financial affairs and became known as the
  European Community. ?

• In 1992 European Community members signed the
  Treaty of Maastricht, setting up the European
  Union (EU). ?
• In 1993 another measurethe Single Europe
  Actended most obstacles to trade among EU
  members.

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94
Section 3 - Map Supplement
Map Supplement

95
Section 3-24
Section 3 Lecture Notes
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A United Europe (cont.)

• Plans are underway in the EU to include Eastern
  European countries and to create an Economic and
  Monetary Union (EMU) by the year 1999. ?

• The principal features of the EMU will be a
  common currency known as the euro and a central
  bank.

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96
Section 3-Review
Section 3 Review
How do relationships among countries in the
European Union compare with those among states in
the United States?
Countries in the European Union do not share a
common government, legal system, or currency as
the states in the United States do. Free trade
and movement among member nations resemble the
same freedoms among states of the United States.
97
End of Section 3
End of Section 3
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slide.
98
Section 4-1
Section 4
National and Ethnic Conflicts
1 of 24
Setting the Scene

• Terms to Define ethnic cleansing, atrocity,
  embargo, enclave ?

• People to Meet Slobodan Milosevic, Alija
  Izetbegovic, Franjo Tudjman, the Chechens, the
  Ossetians, the Abkhazians, the Kurds, the
  Sinhalese, the Tamils, Brian Mulroney, Jean
  Chretien ?
• Places to Locate Sarajevo, Dayton, Chechnya,
  Nagorno-Karabakh, Sri Lanka, Quebec ?

What areas of the world have been in ethnic
discord since the end of the cold war?
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Section 4-2
Section 4 Lecture Notes
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Introduction

• The end of the cold war brought about communisms
  fall and the triumph of democracy. ?

• However, during the 1990s, long-hidden national
  and ethnic rivalries flared in various parts of
  the world.

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100
Section 4-3
Section 4 Lecture Notes
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Fighting in Bosnia

• Serious ethnic fighting took place in
  Bosnia-Herzegovina, where the creation of an
  independent state led to conflict among Croats,
  Muslims, and Serbs in the early 1990s. ?

• With the support of neighboring Serbia and
  Montenegro, the Bosnian Serbs conquered most of
  Bosnia-Herzegovina. By April 1992, they began a
  siege of Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital.

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Section 4-4
Section 4 Lecture Notes
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Fighting in Bosnia (cont.)

• Following a policy called ethnic cleansing, the
  Serbs ruthlessly expelled rival ethnic groups
  from the areas taken by their army. ?

• The Croats and Muslims also carried out
  atrocities, or cruel actions, against the Serbs.

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Section 4-5
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Fighting in Bosnia (cont.)

• The UN imposed an embargo, a ban on trade,
  against Serbia in 1992 and sent peacekeeping
  forces to protect civilians. ?

• In 1995 an international court charged Bosnian
  Serb leaders with genocide for ruthlessly
  attacking civilian populations.

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Section 4-6
Section 4 Lecture Notes
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Steps Toward Peace

• In 1994 Serbia, hurting from the effects of the
  UN embargo, called on Bosnian Serbs to cease
  fighting. ?

• Later that year, the United States offered a
  peace plan that proposed dividing Bosnia between
  the Serbs and a new Muslim-Croat federation.

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Section 4-7
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Steps Toward Peace (cont.)

• In November 1995, three presidents Slobodan
  Milosevic of Serbia, Alija
  Izetbegovic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Franjo
  Tudjman of Croatiamet in Dayton, Ohio. ?

• In December the Dayton Treaty, which divided
  Bosnia into distinct Serb and Muslim-Croat areas,
  was signed in Paris, ending the Bosnian conflict.
  ?
• In response to the agreement, the UN Security
  Council voted to lift the embargo on Serbia.

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Section 4-8
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Keeping the Peace

• To safeguard the peace, a 60,000-strong NATO-led
  force arrived in Bosnia to replace the exhausted
  UN troops. ?

• In 1996 Bosnian voters elected Muslim, Serb, and
  Croat leaders to serve on a three-person panel
  that would govern the country. ?
• In 1997, as conflicts erupted between moderate
  and extremist Bosnian Serbs, NATO forces began
  attacks against positions held by the war
  criminals and their supporters.

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Section 4-9
Section 4 Lecture Notes
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Unrest in the CIS

• During the Soviet era, the Russian-dominated
  government in Moscow had repressed the
  nationalism of non-Russian ethnic groups. ?

• With the collapse of communism, fierce ethnic
  hatreds boiled to the surface in Russia and the
  other CIS republics.

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Section 4-10
Section 4 Lecture Notes
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Russia and the CIS

• Even after the Soviet collapse, relations among
  the Commonwealth republics were strained. ?

• European republics, such as Ukraine, were
  reluctant to concede their hard-won independence
  to a Russian-dominated federation. ?
• During the late 1990s, however, Russia worked to
  improve relations with these countries in order
  to offset NATOs eastward expansion.

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Section 4-11
Section 4 Lecture Notes
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Russia and the CIS (cont.)

• Wary of Russia, the Central Asian republics and
  those in the Caucasus region balanced ties to
  Russia with new links to Middle Eastern and
  Western countries. ?

• Rich in oil deposits awaiting development, these
  lands also were eager to attract Western
  businesses. ?
• Although CIS ties were often weak, member nations
  worked together to resolve conflicts between them
  and within their territories.

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Section 4-12
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The Chechens

• The Chechens are among the ethnic groups of
  Russia. Their territory, Chechnya, lies in
  southern Russia near the Caspian Sea. ?

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Section 4-13
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The Chechens (cont.)

• In 1994 the Chechens declared their independence
  from Russia. ?

• Fearing Russias breakup if other groups did the
  same, Russian leader Boris Yeltsin sent Russian
  troops into Chechnya. ?
• The Chechens fought extremely well against poorly
  trained and disheartened Russian forces.

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Section 4-14
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The Chechens (cont.)

• Russia and Chechnya eventually signed a peace
  treaty in which both pledged to renounce force in
  any future disputes. ?

• Although the treaty avoided mention of
  independence, the Chechens claimed victory and
  proceeded to build an independent state.

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Section 4-15
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The Caucasus Republics

• In the Caucasus region, Armenia and Azerbaijan
  both claimed ownership of the enclave of
  Nagorno-Karabakh. An enclave is a small
  territory entirely surrounded by another
  territory. ?

• In 1993 Armenia and Azerbaijan went to war over
  Nagorno-Karabakh, and Armenian forces took
  control of much of the disputed territory.

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Section 4-16
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The Caucasus Republics (cont.)

• Neighboring Georgia has also faced separatist
  uprisings by minority ethnic groups, such as the
  Ossetians and the Abkhazians. ?

• In 1994 the Abkhazians declared their region an
  independent republic.

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Section 4-17
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Africa and Asia

• During the 1990s, ethnic conflicts erupted in
  various parts of Africa and Asia. ?

• In Africa, full-scale fighting broke out between
  Hutu and Tutsi peoples in the East African
  republics of Rwanda and Burundi. ?
• The violence spilled over into neighboring Zaire,
  later called the Democratic Republic of the
  Congo. ?
• Other ethnic divisions contributed to civil wars
  in West Africa, especially in the nations of
  Sierra Leone and Liberia.

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Section 4-18
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The Kurds

• In the Middle East, one of the most divisive
  ethnic disputes was between the Kurds and the
  governments of Iraq and Turkey. ?

• The 20 million Kurds are Sunni Muslims and live
  mostly in Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey.
  ?
• In the 1980s and 1990s, the Kurds of Turkey and
  Iraq carried out separate revolts against their
  respective governments.

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Section 4-19
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The Kurds (cont.)

• Before and after the Persian Gulf War, Iraqi
  forces used bombings and poison gas to put down
  Kurdish uprisings, which left over 1 million
  Kurds as refugees. ?

• Turkish forces have staged offensives against
  Turkish Kurdish bases in remote mountain areas
  along the border of Turkey and Iran.

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Section 4-20
Section 4 Lecture Notes
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Sri Lanka

• The Indian Ocean island republic of Sri
  Lankaalso torn by ethnic discordhas two major
  ethnic groups, the Sinhalese and the Tamils. ?

• The Sinhalese, who make up about 75 percent of
  the population, are Buddhist. ?
• The Tamils, most of whom are Hindus, form about
  18 percent of the population and live in northern
  and eastern areas of Sri Lanka.

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Section 4-21
Section 4 Lecture Notes
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Sri Lanka (cont.)

• In 1983 fighting broke out between Tamil
  guerrillas and Sinhalese government troops. ?

• Despite peace efforts, the fighting continued
  into the 1990s.

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Section 4-22
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Canadas Fragile Unity

• During the 1980s and 1990s, Canada faced growing
  uncertainty about its future. ?

• Many French-speaking people in the province of
  Quebec wanted independence from English-speaking
  Canada. ?
• In 1982 a new Canadian constitution granted more
  power to the provinces and guaranteed the
  language and cultural rights of all Canadians.

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Section 4-23
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Canadas Fragile Unity (cont.)

• Quebec, however, rejected the constitution
  because it did not allow individual provinces to
  veto future amendments. ?

• In 1984 Conservative Prime Minister Brian
  Mulroney tried in vain to get English-speaking
  Canada to accept a special status for Quebec.

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Section 4-24
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Canadas Fragile Unity (cont.)

• Ten years later Liberal Jean Chretien became
  prime minister. Chretien was a firm believer in
  national unity and opposed Quebec separatism. ?

• In 1995 Quebec voters again turned down
  independence for the province, but only by a
  margin of a little over 1 percent.

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122
Section 4-Review
Section 4 Review
Why did the Bosnian Serbs in 1992 oppose the
creation of an independent Bosnia? Why did they
agree to peace talks in 1995?
Bosnian Serbs feared domination by the Croatians
and Muslims if Bosnia became independent.
Bosnian Serbs agreed to peace talks because it
looked like they would be defeated and would lose
territory.
123
End of Section 4
End of Section 4
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124
Section 5-1
Section 5
Global Interdependence
1 of 27
Setting the Scene

• Terms to Define interdependent, developing
  nations, developed nations, deforestation,
  Internet, genetic engineering ?

• People to Meet Neil Armstrong, Jean Paul Sartre,
  Mother Teresa ?
• Places to Locate Montreal, Rio de Janeiro ?

How have recent advances in technology affected
the worlds cultures?
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125
Section 5-2
Section 5 Lecture Notes
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Introduction

• As the year 2000 approaches, people communicate
  instantly with others thousands of miles away and
  access vast amounts of information with their
  fingertips. ?

• Today, we share in a technological and
  communications revolution that has made people
  increasingly interdependent, or reliant on each
  other.

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Section 5-3
Section 5 Lecture Notes
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The Global Community

• Todays nations have become economically
  interdependent through world trade, which now
  exceeds 8 trillion per year. ?

• The forging of new global trade links has ensured
  that an economic boom or bust in one region will
  impact other parts of the world.

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Section 5-4
Section 5 Lecture Notes
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The Global Community (cont.)

• At the end of the 1990s, the worlds economic
  superpowers included the United States, the
  European Union, and Japan. ?

• These superpowers, along with South Korea,
  Taiwan, and other countries of Asias Pacific
  Rim, will continue to be leading competitors in
  international markets.

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Section 5-5
Section 5 Lecture Notes
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Developing and Developed Nations

• With the rise of the global economy, some
  observers claim that the nation-state is no
  longer the key economic and political institution
  it was a hundred years ago. ?

• One of the major global issues involving nations
  is the gap between rich and poor countries. ?
• Developing nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin
  America are newly industrializing countries, and
  many of their people still follow traditional
  ways of life.

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Section 5-6
Section 5 Lecture Notes
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Developing and Developed Nations (cont.)

• These developing nations are dependent on
  developed nations, such as the United States,
  that have long been industrialized and have th