The Civil Rights Movement 1954

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 1 The Movement Begins (pgs. 622 629).

• Why is this man impt ?

• Who is this woman ?

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 1 The Movement Begins

• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme Court declares segregation constitutional
( legal).

• Laws that segregated African Americans .

• African Americans had same rights ,but used
  separate facilities that were EQUAL .

• Jim Crow Laws

• Segregated areas in buses,trains, parks, pools,
• restaurants other public facilities.

• Poorer quality than White facilities.

• De facto Segregation

• Segregation by custom or tradition, e.g.
  neighborhoods, dances churches restaurants
  other public facilities.

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 1 The Movement Begins
Court Challenges
Since 1909, NAACP supported court decisions which
were intended to overturn segregation.

• Norris v Alabama

• African-Americans cant be excluded from juries
  , violated equal protection under the law.

• Morgan v Virginia

• Segregation on interstate buses was
  unconstitutional

• Sweatt v Painter

• State law schools must admit qualified
  African-American applicants, even if parallel
  black law schools exist.

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 1 The Movement Begins
New Political Power

• Before WW I , most African Americans lived in the
  South

• Great Migration African Americans moved to
  Northern cities, were allowed to vote. The
  Democratic party listened to their
  concerns/issues and so African Americans
  registered as Democrats.

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 1 The Movement Begins
Push for Desegregation

• During WW II , African Americans began to demand
  more rights,esp in the military.

• CORE- Congress of Racial Equality founded by
  James Farmer/George Houser.

• Began to use SIT-INS as form of protest.
  Attempted to desegregate restaurants that refused
  to serve African-Americans. Intended to shame
  restaurant managers into allowing African
  Americans to be served the same as White
  customers.

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REVIEW

• Explain the relationship between 2 court cases
  Plessy v Ferguson Brown v. Board of Education
• Explain the Great Migration what happened to
  the population in the South, in the North ?
• Explain the difference between Jim Crow Laws and
  De Facto Segregation, give an example of each.

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 1 The Movement Begins
Brown v. Board of Education .

• Linda Brown African American young girl denied
  the right to attend her neighborhood school
  in Topeka, Kansas.

• Thurgood Marshall NAACP attorney argued before
  Supreme Court. for end of
  segregation in public schools.

• Supreme Court unanimously ruled segregation was
  unconstitutional violated equal protection
  clause of 14th amendment.

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 1 The Movement Begins
Southern Resistance

• Angered white Southerners who were determined to
  defend segregation in spite of Supreme Court
  ruling.

• Convinced many African- Americans that the time
  had come to challenge segregation.

• Term all deliberate speed, did not give
  specific time frame, vague enough to keep
  segregation going for many more years.

• Southern Manifesto encouraged white Southerners
  to use all lawful means to reverse decision.
  Encouraged white Southerners to defy Supreme
  Court

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 1 The Movement Begins
Montgomery Bus Boycott

• Boycott by African Americans of the bus system
  throughout Montgomery Alabama. Response to Rosa
  Parks being arrested.

• Start of new era in civil rights movement
  organized protests, defying laws that required
  segregation and demanded to be treated the same
  as whites.

• Led by 26 year old Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

• Ph.D. in theology.

• Followed teachings of
  Indian leader
  Gandhi
• NONVIOLENCE
• Read pg. 626

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vjJ1OO5iBWCQ

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 1 The Movement Begins
African American Churches

• Played critical role in the civil rights
  movement.

• SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
  Led by African American
  ministers ( MLK)

• goal to eliminate segregation from American
  society

• Encourage African Americans to vote.

• Challenged segregation at voting booths, public
  transportation, housing and accommodations.

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 1 The Movement Begins
Little Rock Arkansas

• Court order requiring 9 African-American students
  to be admitted to all white Central H. S.

• Gov. Orval Faubus, -

• Was seeking re election. Although a moderate on
  racial issues,
• he wanted to win the support of White
  voters.

• Ordered troops form AK National Guard to prevent
  African American students from entering school to
  register.

• Ordered to remove the troops, he left the school
  to the mobs of angry protesters who vandalized
  the school and scared students.

• Eisenhower sends federal troops in to protect
  students.

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vxERXusiEszs

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 1 The Movement Begins
Civil Rights Act of 1957

• Protect voting rights of African-Americans

• SCLC began campaign to register 2 million new
  African American voters primarily in the South

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• Write a 3 paragraph essay summarizing the article
  on Patricia Stephens Due
• Minimum 5 sentences per paragraph
• Include 6 examples of Ms. Dues participation in
• the Civil Rights movement
• Include 2 examples of personal sacrifices
• Ms. Due endured
• Will be graded according to PSSA Rubric
• Style
• Content
• Focus
• Organization
• Conventions

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Civil Rights Timeline mark date, draw a sketch
of event

• Dwight Eisenhower elected President
• CORE founded
• Rosa Parks arrested
• Brown V Board of Educ.
• Southern Manifesto signed
• Montgomery Boycott began
• Supreme Court declares Alabama laws requiring
  segregation on buses unconstituional
• SCLC formed
• 9 African-American students given right to be
  admitted to high school in Little Rock AK.
• Civil Rights Act of 1957 protect voting rights
  of African-Americans

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 2 Challenging Segregation
The Sit in Movement

• Read pg. 630, answer DBQ pg. 631, (hand in ) .

• Greensboro, N.C. Woolworths Dept. Store 1st
  sit-in

• Sit-in movement brought large numbers of
  idealistic, energized college students into the
  civil rights movement

• SNCC Student Non Violent Coordinating Committee
  
• organized by students
• played key role in desegregating public
  facilities in South
• registered African Americans to vote in Deep South

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 2 Challenging Segregation
The Sit in Movement

• Fanny Lou Hammer African American sharecropper
  beaten, sent to jail, evicted from her farm all
  for registering to vote, urging others to
  register to vote.

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vXbbcjn4d1cE

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vOT9gILdTaWo
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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 2 Challenging Segregation
The Freedom-Riders

• Bus travel in South was still segregated although
  courts had outlawed segregation.

• Freedom Riders groups of white/African American
  college student volunteers took a
  bus trip to protest this practice.

• Eugene Bull Connor Birmingham , AL public
  official, did not protect civil rights protesters
  from being beaten.. (Mothers Day)

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 2 Challenging Segregation
Kennedys Response

• Forbids federal government from discriminating
  against African-Americans in hiring promotions.

• Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) -
  tightened laws against segregated
  bus terminals.

James Meredith pg. 634

• African-American Air Force veteran applied
  to Univ. of Mississippi (Ole Miss)

• Attended classes under eye of federal soldiers
  until graduation

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 2 Challenging Segregation
Violence in Birmingham

• MLK decides that more demonstrations are needed
  to get Pres. Kennedy to become more active in
  supporting civil rights.

• MLK stages protests in Birmingham AL.

• Bull Connor was now running for mayor.

• King gets arrested, - writes Letter from
  Birmingham while in jail.(pg. 635)

• King released, protests started up again. Bull
  Connor responds with force, used dogs. High
  pressure hoses and clubs on protesters.

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Pg. 639 1-6 Homework
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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 2 Challenging Segregation
Civil Rights Act of 1964

• George Wallace governor of Alabama,
• blocked entrance to Univ. of Alabama from 2
  African American students entering.

• Medgar Evers African American activist from
  Mississippi murdered.

• Kennedy addresses nation pg. 636

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 2 Challenging Segregation
March on Washington

• 200,000 people demonstrate for civil rights in
  Wash. D.C. in Aug. , 1963.

• Gathered at Lincoln Memorial to hear MLK give I
  Have a Dream speech.

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vsmEqnnklfYs

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 2 Challenging Segregation
Bill Becomes Law

• President and some members of Congress trying to
  get civil rights passed.

• Some Congressional members tried to block passage
  of bill.
• Filibuster fill in definition, pg 636
• Cloture fill in definition, pg. 636
• Kennedy is assassinated.

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 2 Challenging Segregation
Bill Becomes Law

• Lyndon Johnson becomes president, is able to
  convince Congress to pass Civil Rights Bill of
  1964

Civil Rights Bill of 1964 broad powers given to
federal government to prevent racial
discrimination.
Equal access to all public facilities. Established EEOC
Segregation illegal in most places of public accommodations. Gave U.S. attorney general more power to bring lawsuits to force school desegregation.
Required private employers to end discrimination in workplace.
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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 2 Challenging Segregation
16th Avenue Baptist Church bombings.
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vq-MuWDsv5pg
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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 2 Challenging Segregation
Struggle for Voting Rights

• Selma March - MLK selects Selma AL as focal
  point for voting rights of African
  Americans(majority of city population, only 3
  registered to vote)

• Sheriff Jim Clark used clubs ,
  electric cattle prods and fear to
  terrorize blacks

• 12/1964 MLK is awarded
  Nobel Peace Prize for his work in civil rights
  movement.

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 2 Challenging Segregation
Struggle for Voting Rights

• BLOODY SUNDAY - March 7, 1965, Civil Rights
  protesters walking from Selma to Birmingham. As
  they crossed a bridge, they were met by 200 state
  troopers deputized citizens.

• As marchers were kneeling in prayer, they were
  savagely beat. 70 hospitalized, many more
  injured.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vs00-OoZAWno
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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 2 Challenging Segregation
Struggle for Voting Rights

• Voting Rights Act of 1965 authorized U.S.
  Attorney General to get involved in voting
  practices at state level to make sure all
  African-Americans were able to register to vote.

Pg. 641 Answer DBQ
1(Primary Source 1) , and 4( Primary Source
4)
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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 3 New Civil Rights Issues
Urban Problems - prejudice continues.

• 1965
• 70 of African-Americans lived
  in big cities
• 15 held white collar jobs.
• Avg. income 55 of avg. White family
• Unemployment 2x that of Whites
• Rise in juvenile delinquency, crime.

• African-Americans began to get angry and
  frustrated that the civil rights movement
  had not taken care of their everyday
  problems.

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 3 Urban Problems
Watts Riots Rights

• African-American neighborhood in Los Angeles.
• Lasted 6 days, 14,000 National Guard,
  1,500 law enforcement officers.
• 45 million in property damage
• 34 people killed, many injured.

• More rioting in other cities
  like Detroit.
• Pg. 643 cartoon

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 3 New Civil Rights Issues
Urban Problems - prejudice continues.

• Kerner Commission -
• Committee that studied cause of urban riots and
  made recommendations to prevent reoccurrence of
  rioting.

• Blamed concept of racism for most of inner city
  problems.

• Made many recommendations which could not be put
  into place because spending for Vietnam War cut
  into funding.

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 3 New Civil Rights Issues
Urban Problems - prejudice continues.

• Chicago Movement -
• MLK called attention to deplorable housing
  condition of many inner city residents by moving
  into a slum apartment.

• MLK led a march in an all White suburb, met by
  angry mobs.

• Mayor Richard Daley prevented violence by
  protecting marchers.

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 3 New Civil Rights Issues
Black Power

• After 1965, many African-Americans tired
  of MLKs nonviolent measures.

• Black Power - the idea that African-Americans
  should control the social, political economic
  direction of their struggle.

Stokely Carmichael leader of SNCC, in favor of
Black Power.
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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 3 New Civil Rights Issues
Black Power

• Idea popular in poor African American
  neighborhoods

• Showed pride in racial heritage through ethnic
  clothing, Afro hairstyles, African based names,
  African studies.

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 3 New Civil Rights Issues
MALCOLM X

• Leader of Nation of Islam ( read pg. 645 TOM
  aloud ! )

• Black Muslims believed African-Americans should
  separate themselves from White society and form
  their own self-governing communities. sufficient..

• Black Muslims viewed themselves as their own
  nation, very- self sufficient. Did NOT advocate
  violence, but advocated self-defense.

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 3 New Civil Rights Issues
MALCOLM X

• 1964 breaks away from Nation of Islam after
  visiting Mecca.

• Continued to criticize National of Islam, because
  he now believed an integrated society was
  possible.

• 1965 -murdered by organization members.

• His ideas influenced a new generation of militant
  African American leaders.

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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 3 New Civil Rights Issues
Black Panthers

• Believed a revolution was necessary in the U.S.

• Urged African Americans to arm themselves and
  force Whites to grant them equal rights.

• Eldridge Cleaver served as minister of culture,
  wrote best selling book - Soul on Ice.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vuqhv1g0sIpYfeature
related
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The Civil Rights Movement 1954 1968
Section 3 New Civil Rights Issues
King is Assassinated

• Civil Rights movement fragmented.

• Calls for violence by Black Panthers eroded white
  support

• March , 1968 MLK went to Memphis , TN to support
  striking sanitation workers

• April 3, 1968 - Gives famous speech Ive been to
  the mountaintop
• video

April 4,1964 killed by a sniper on his hotel
balcony.
His death marked end of era in American history.
April
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http//www.youtube.com/watch?vcmOBbxgxKvo