The Civil Rights Movement

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The Civil RightsMovement
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19th Century

• 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford
• 1865 13th Amendment
• 1865 Freedmens Bureau
• 1865 KKK founded
• 1868 14th Amendment
• 1870 15th Amendment
• 1876 Jim Crow Laws begin
• 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson

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1900 1939

• Leadership of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B.
  DuBois
• 1905 NAACP founded
• 1920s
• 2nd KKK reaches peak
• Harlem Renaissance
• Jazz Music
• Ida B. Wells
• 1930s
• Black Cabinet

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1940s

• A. Philip Randolph
• Tuskegee Airmen
• NAACP begins suing colleges and universities to
  attempt to gain entrance for African Americans
• 1948 Desegregation of the military

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1950s

• 1954 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
• Thurgood Marshall (NAACP) 14th Amendment
• Chief Justice Earl Warren
• Separate educational facilities are inherently
  unequal
• Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson
• Response
• Return of the KKK
• Massive Resistance by southern states
• Little Rock Nine
• Eisenhower uses the Arkansas National Guard

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1950s

• 1955 1956 Montgomery Bus Boycott
• Rosa Parks
• Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.
• 400 day boycott
• 1957 Southern Christian Leadership Conference
  (SCLC)
• Nonviolent Resistance

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The Philosophy of Nonviolence

• Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
• Martin Luther King, Jr.
• Atlanta
• Henry David Thoreau and Gandhi
• Nobel Peace Prize, 1964
• Assassinated in Memphis in April of 1968

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1960s

• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
• Nonviolent Student Movement
• Sit-Ins Challenge Segregation
• Greensboro (Feb. 1960)
• Badge of honor and Jail not Bail

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Civil Rights and the Kennedy Administration

• May, 1961 The Freedom Rides
• Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
• Anniston, Alabama
• Robert Kennedy
• September, 1962 Ole Miss
• James Meredith
• Governor Ross Barnett
• 1963 Birmingham
• MLK, Jr. attempts to integrate
• King arrested, children join movement
• Nation watches as police arrest children and use
  fire hoses and dogs on protestors

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Freedom Rides
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Birmingham 1963
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Letter from a Birmingham Jail

• "We know through painful experience that freedom
  is never voluntarily given by the oppressor it
  must be demanded by the oppressed. Frankly, I
  have yet to engage in a direct-action campaign
  that was well-timed in the view of those who
  have not suffered unduly from the disease of
  segregation. For years now I have heard the
  worked "Wait!" It rings in the ear of every Negro
  with piercing familiarity. This "Wait" has almost
  always meant "Never." We must come to see, with
  one of our distinguished jurists, that justice
  too long delayed is justice denied." -- Martin
  Luther King

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Civil Rights and the Kennedy Administration

• June 1963 University of Alabama
• Governor George Wallace
• http//video.aol.com/video-detail/george-wallace-o
  pposes-intergration/209527661
• Murder of Medgar Evers
• NAACP director in Mississippi
• Retaliation for events in Alabama
• Civil Rights Legislation
• Kennedy had proposed legislation that was in the
  House of Representatives when he was assassinated

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The March on Washington

• August 28, 1963
• A. Philip Randolph
• 200,000 Marchers
• I Have a Dream

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I Have a Dream Speech

• "I have a dream. I have a dream that one day this
  nation will rise up and live out the true meaning
  of its creed We hold these truths to be
  self-evident, that all men are created
  equal....I have a dream that one day every
  valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain
  shall be made low, the rough places will be made
  plains, and the crooked places shall be made
  straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be
  revealed, and all flesh shall see it together....
  This will be the day when all of Gods children
  will be able to sing with new meaning, My
  country tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of
  thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of
  the pilgrims pride, from every mountainside, let
  freedom ring..... When we let freedom ring, when
  we let it ring from every village and every
  hamlet, from every state and every city, we will
  be able to speed up that day when all of Gods
  children, black men and white men, Jews and
  Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able
  to join hands and sing in the words of the old
  Negro spiritual, Free at last! Free at last!
  Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!"

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Civil Rights in the Great Society

• 24th Amendment Ratified (Jan. 1964)
• The Civil Rights Act (1964)
• Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
• No Segregation in hotels, restaurants, theaters,
  sporting arenas, etc.
• Title VII Discrimination based on race,
  religion, gender, or national origin was illegal
• Most businesses in the Souths cities and larger
  towns desegregate immediately

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Civil Rights in the Great Society

• Freedom Summer (1965)
• African Americans attempt to register to vote and
  encounter violence
• The Selma March
• African Americans beat, arrested, and one
  murdered attempting to register to vote in Selma,
  AL
• 1st march state troopers ended the march
  violently near Selma
• March 9th MLK, Jr. leads march, but doesnt
  finish because he promised LBJ he wouldnt
• March 15th LBJ promises on TV to send a new
  bill to Congress
• March 21st peaceful march from Selma to
  Montgomery with support of Alabama National
  Guard
• The Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Outlawed literacy tests
• Registration of African Americans to vote and
  election of African American candidates
• Southerners begin to court African American
  voters and African Americans move back to South
  for the 1st time since Reconstruction

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Selma March
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Civil Rights in the Great Society

• Affirmative Action (1965)
• Govt contracts must ensure underprivileged
  minorities and women are hired
• By 1970s cries of reverse discrimination
• Bakke case, 1978
• Thurgood Marshall (1967) appointed as 1st African
  American on the Supreme Court
• Forced Busing (1968)
• Attempt to end de facto segregation

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Forced Busing
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The Challenge of Black Power

• Black Power Movement
• Inspired by Marcus Garvey
• Malcolm X
• Nation of Islam
• Black Nationalism
• Rejected nonviolence
• Muslim Mosque, Inc.
• Mecca

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The Black Power Movement

• Stokeley Carmichael (SNCC)
• Black Power Movement
• Kwami Turi
• The Black Panthers
• Huey Newton
• Bobby Seale
• Racial Violence
• Long Hot Summers
• 1965, 1966, 1967
• Watts Riots (August 1965)
• Los Angles, CA

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The Black Panthers
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Watts
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Results of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s
1960s

• February 21, 1965 Malcolm X assassinated by
  members of the Nation of Islam
• April 4, 1968 Martin Luther King, Jr.
  assassinated
• 1954 1968 2nd Reconstruction
• Equality before the law greatly increases
• Women, Native Americans, Hispanics, gays followed
  the model for their own movements