Chapter 3: Light in the Dark Ages

1
Chapter 3 Light in the Dark Ages

• THE HISTORY OF THE CHURCH

2
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• ANTICIPATORY SET
•  
• Identify the relationship between the following
  triads
• Sex, money, and power
• Chastity, poverty, and obedience

3
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• BASIC QUESTIONS
• What was the impact of the fall of Rome on the
  faithful?
• What were the causes and effects of monasticism?
• What contributions did St. Benedict and his Rule
  and Pope St. Gregory the Great make to the
  preservation and spread of Christianity?
•  
• KEY IDEAS
• Cities were sacked and depopulated, and culture
  and economic progress declined.
• Monasticism arose out of a desire to leave
  civilization and devote oneself entirely to
  prayer and asceticism in imitation of Christ.
  Monastics gave new life to the Faith, brought
  civilization to the rural areas, preserved
  classical learning, and evangelized the Germanic
  peoples.
• St. Benedicts Rule became the basis of Western
  monasticism. Pope St. Gregory the Great was a
  great spiritual leader who served as a temporal
  ruler as well.

4
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Complete a Think/Pair/Share using the following
  question
• What effect did the fall of Rome have on
  religious practice?

5
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why is there no clear date for the fall of the
  western half of the Roman Empire?
• There was more of a gradual collapse than a
  dramatic, one-day fall. This disintegration took
  place over the course of the fifth century.
•  
• What did the Romans and the barbarians have in
  common with respect to human rights?
• Neither had any conception of fundamental human
  rights, and both cultures were brutal and
  violent.
•  
• Why did the Romans sometimes invite barbarian
  tribes to settle along the frontiers of the
  empire?
• They allowed tribes to settle in exchange for
  conscripts for the Roman armies and to increase
  the declining population of the Empire.

6
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What effect did the fall of Rome have on
  intellectual activity in the West?
• It brought about a collapse of intellectual
  activity in the West, illiteracy becoming the
  norm. The study of classical literature and
  philosophy all but ceased. The Church remained
  the only center of intellectual activity.
•  
• What effects did the fall of Rome have on
  economic activity and demographics?
• Economic activity fell drastically, crime
  increased, and the former city-based society
  became largely rural, centered on towns and
  villages.
•  
• What effect did the fall of Rome have on the
  Churchs understanding of her relationship with
  the state?
• Many Christians and emperors had thought the
  destiny of the Catholic Church was intertwined
  with that of the empire. The collapse of Rome and
  the western half of that empire prompted
  Christians to understand the Church was not
  wedded to the empire and needed to adapt to a
  dramatic cultural shift.

7
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What was the Germanization of the Roman legions?
• It refers to the process by which an increasing
  percentage of the soldiers in the Roman military
  was comprised of people from Germanic tribes.
•  
• What does the idea of waves of invaders mean with
  respect to the Germanic tribes?
• One conquering Germanic tribe would be conquered
  by another Germanic tribe later.
•  
• Who were the Franks?
• They were a Germanic people who settled in Gaul
  (modern-day France), the ancestors of the modern
  French. This was the first Germanic tribe to
  convert to orthodox (as opposed to Arian)
  Christianity.

8
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Which was the most successful Germanic tribe?
• The Vandals were most successful.
•  
• Who was the Apostle to the Goths?
• Ulphilas, the Cappadocian who translated the
  Scriptures into Gothic, enlightened the Goths.
•  
• What religion did the barbarian hordes profess?
• To the extent they were not still pagan, most
  were Arian Christians.

9
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What is the origin of the Huns?
• It is not known exactly, but they swept westward
  from Central Asia.
•  
• What was the character of Attila the Hun, and why
  did he not attack Rome?
• Attila was a ruthless leader who was also
  tremendously brave in battle, a skilled diplomat,
  and a keen military strategist. After Pope St.
  Leo the Great went out to meet him, Attila
  withdrew from the Italian Peninsula it is not
  known why he did not sack Rome.

10
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What did the Germanic invasions reveal to the
  Church about her universality?
• An increasing number of Christians realized the
  Church is intended for everyone the Germanic
  tribes needed to be evangelized as the Romans had
  previously.
•  
• How was the Germanic character different from the
  Greco-Roman character?
• The Germanic peoples were less philosophically
  and theologically inclined, and they placed less
  emphasis on order, culture, organization, and
  law.
•  
• To evangelize the Germanic peoples, what was the
  Church willing to do, and what was she unwilling
  to do?
• The Church was willing to discard Roman culture
  without changing the doctrines of the Faith she
  was unwilling the change the Deposit of Faith for
  any reason.

11
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Complete a Think/Pair/Share using the following
  question
• To what extent had Christianity penetrated the
  mentality of the Germanic tribes by the end of
  the fifth century?

12
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Brainstorm reactions that Italian Christians of
  the fifth century might have had toward the
  invasions (cf. p. 98).

13
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
•  
• Work with a partner to complete the following
  table about the barbarian invasions of the fourth
  and fifth centuries (cf. p. 99).

14
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)
15
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What is monasticism?
• It is a way of life in which one leaves the
  everyday world to live a life of self-denial and
  prayer in order to devote his or her whole life
  to God.
•  
• How is Christian monasticism unique?
• Though monasticism is practiced by many of the
  worlds religions, Christian monasticism is
  unique because its aim is the imitation of
  Christ.
•  
• What are the two chief types of monasticism?
• In eremetical monasticism, a person lives alone
  as a hermit. In cenobitical monasticism, a person
  lives with others in a community.

16
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
•  
• Work with a partner to complete the following
  table on the effects of monasticism on European
  culture.

17
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)
18
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Who founded eremitical monasticism?
• Eremitical monasticism was founded in Egypt by
  Sts. Anthony the Great and Paul of Thebes.
•  
• Who founded cenobitical monasticism?
• St. Pachomius, an Egyptian hermit, began
  cenobitical monasticism (against his will) after
  people kept flocking to him.

19
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Work with a partner to prepare and present a
  brief oral report using the following guidelines.
  Given a short excerpt from the Rule of St.
  Benedict
• Paraphrase the excerpt.
• Interpret how this passage might relate to the
  life of a monk.
• Do you think you could live under this rule? Why
  or why not?
• The Rule can be found on many Web sites.

20
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How did St. Gregory the Great spend his life
  before he became a monk?
• St. Gregory was born into an important, noble
  family, and he held important civil offices in
  Rome. After his father died, he sold everything
  he had and used the money to found seven
  monasteries and help the poor.
•  
• How was St. Gregory the Great elected Pope, and
  what was his reaction to this election?
• After Pope Pelagius II had died, St. Gregory was
  universally acclaimed the new Pope by the people
  of Rome. St. Gregory refused this honor
  initially, but he accepted the election
  eventually as Gods will.
•  
• Why is Pope St. Gregory I called the Great?
• He received this title because of missionary
  successes and his care for the poor.

21
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Complete a Think/Pair/Share using the following
  question
• What is the significance of Pope St. Gregory the
  Greats use of the title Servus Servorum Dei for
  himself and his refusal to acknowledge the title
  Ecumenical Patriarch for the Patriarch of
  Constantinople?

22
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Briefly discuss leadership using the following
  questions
• What concept of leadership is portrayed by the
  title Servus Servorum Dei?
• How is St. Gregory the Greats concept of
  leadership different from the traditional concept
  of leadership, for example, that practiced by the
  pagan Roman emperors?
• How is St. Gregorys concept of leadership
  especially appropriate for anyone in the Church
  who exercises leadership?

23
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Listen to a sample of Gregorian Chant.

24
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• CLOSURE
•  
• Free write for five minutes in response to the
  following prompt
• Apply the words of Jesus Christ to St. Peter to
  this period of the Churchs history You are
  Peter, and on this rock I will build my church,
  and the powers of death shall not prevail against
  it (Mt 1618).

25
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
• Study Questions 111 (pp. 138139)
• Practical Exercise 1, 3 (p. 140)
• Workbook Questions 133
• Read Muhammad (ca. 570632) and the Koran
  through Spain (pp. 105108)

26
1. The Rise of Monasticism (pp. 94103)

• ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
•  
• Free write for five minutes in response to the
  following prompt
• Imagine you are a Christian living in a city in
  the western half of the Roman Empire and have
  just heard that a barbarian army is approaching
  your town.
• Write a diary entry about how you feel and what
  you imagine is about to happen.

27
2. Islam and the Conversion of France and Spain
(pp. 104108)

• ANTICIPATORY SET
•  
• Discuss the following question
• Imagine you had founded a new religion, believed
  God wanted everyone to accept it, and persuaded
  everyone in your town to believe in it. What are
  some ways you could further expand your religion?
  

28
2. Islam and the Conversion of France and Spain
(pp. 104108)

• BASIC QUESTIONS
• What is the origin of Islam, and what are its
  chief doctrines?
• What key events brought about the conversion of
  the Franks and Visigoths?
•  
• KEY IDEAS
• Muhammad founded a new, monotheistic religion
  based loosely on Judaism and Christianity.
• Under the influence of his wife St. Clotilda, the
  pagan King Clovis converted to Catholicism. He
  founded the Merovingian Dynasty, which became a
  great defender of the Church in Europe. After
  much infighting among the Arian, Visigoth ruling
  familyincluding a prince who married a
  Merovingian Catholic princess, converted, and was
  killed by his own fatherKing Reccard converted
  to Catholicism, which then became the official
  religion of Spain.

29
2. Islam and the Conversion of France and Spain
(pp. 104108)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Search the Internet for information about the
  Battle of Badr.

30
2. Islam and the Conversion of France and Spain
(pp. 104108)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Read silently Matthew 103439, and then discuss
  the following question
• What did Christ tell his disciples to expect as
  they convert to Christianity and try to live the
  Faith?

31
2. Islam and the Conversion of France and Spain
(pp. 104108)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• In what two European locations was the spread of
  Islam halted?
• In the East AD 717 and 740, Emperor Leo III
  defeated Muslims attempting to take
  Constantinople. In the West after Spain had
  fallen, Charles Martel stopped the further spread
  of Islam into Europe at the Battle of Tours (AD
  732).
•  
• What likely would have happened had Europeans
  lost the battles in the previous question?
• Muslims most likely would have conquered all of
  Europe, invading from the east and the south.

32
2. Islam and the Conversion of France and Spain
(pp. 104108)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What is the Koran?
• According to Muhammad, the Koran is a dictation
  of the words of the Archangel Gabriel.
•  
• What does the word Islam mean?
• It means submission and refers to submission to
  the will of God.
•  
• Why are the rise and basic beliefs of Islam
  important to the study of the history of the
  Catholic Church?
• Islam is a monotheistic religion whose history is
  linked with the Arab, Asiatic, African, and
  European peoples, and many wars were fought
  between Christians and Muslims.

33
2. Islam and the Conversion of France and Spain
(pp. 104108)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What major tasks faced the Church during the
  evangelization of Europe?
• Monks and bishops not only had to build the
  institutions of the Church but also had to raise
  the moral and cultural level of peoples so they
  could be disposed to the Gospel.
•  
• In general, what was the initial attitude of
  Germanic peoples toward conversion to
  Christianity?
• They were often violent and cruel toward even a
  family member who would convert.

34
2. Islam and the Conversion of France and Spain
(pp. 104108)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why is France called the Churchs Eldest
  Daughter?
• The Franks were the first of the Germanic tribes
  to convert, and they defended the Church for
  centuries.
•  
• How were the Franks different from most Germanic
  tribes?
• They were completely pagan, not having had any
  exposure to Christianity, Arian or orthodox.
•  
• Why had Clovis considered the Christian God
  ineffective?
• Clovis married the beautiful Christian St.
  Clotilda, who worked to convert him. Their first
  child died, and they nearly lost their second.
  Clovis might have assumed a powerful God would do
  better than that.

35
2. Islam and the Conversion of France and Spain
(pp. 104108)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Read silently Matthew 103439, and then discuss
  the following question
• How were Christs words fulfilled in the Visigoth
  rulers of Spain?

36
2. Islam and the Conversion of France and Spain
(pp. 104108)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why did Clovis convert?
• Clovis was facing defeat against the Alemanni and
  promised the Christian God, if he won, he would
  convert and be baptized.
•  
• Why did Clovis army also convert?
• They followed whatever their leader did.
•  
• What is the Merovingian Dynasty?
• It is comprised of the descendants of Clovis it
  is named for Meroveus, an ancestor of Clovis.

37
2. Islam and the Conversion of France and Spain
(pp. 104108)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How did Catholicism become the official religion
  of Spain?
• After much strife among the ruling family, which
  was split religiously, King Reccard ascended to
  the throne and converted to Catholicism in 587.
•  
• When did the Muslim invasions of the Iberian
  Peninsula begin, and when was the Reconquista of
  Spain?
• Muslims invaded beginning in 711. The Reconquista
  was accomplished in 1492.
•  
• Who are Mozarabic Christians?
• They are the Christians of Spain, centered in
  Toledo, who lived under Muslims for almost eight
  centuries.

38
2. Islam and the Conversion of France and Spain
(pp. 104108)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• From whom did Spain believe it had received the
  Gospel?
• It received the Gospel from the Apostles Sts.
  Paul and James the Greater (Santiago).
•  
• Which tribe conquered Christian Spain, and what
  was its attitude toward the Church?
• The Arian Visigoths conquered most of the Iberian
  Peninsula and were quite intolerant toward the
  Church.

39
2. Islam and the Conversion of France and Spain
(pp. 104108)

• HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
•  
• Study Questions 1213 (p. 139)
• Practical Exercises 2, 4 (p. 140)
• Workbook Questions 3450
• Read St. Patrick The Apostle of Ireland
  through St. Bede The Father of English
  History (pp. 108113)

40
2. Islam and the Conversion of France and Spain
(pp. 104108)

• CLOSURE
•  
• Free write for five minutes in response to the
  following prompt
• Muhammad founded a new, monotheistic religion
  based loosely on Judaism and Christianity.

41
2. Islam and the Conversion of France and Spain
(pp. 104108)

• ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
•  
• Free write for five minutes about what you
  consider the decisive events in the conversion of
  Gaul and Spain.

42
3. The Conversion of Ireland and England (pp.
108113)

• ANTICIPATORY SET
•  
• Complete a Think/Pair/Share using the following
  question
• How was the Irish Church originally governed?

43
3. The Conversion of Ireland and England (pp.
108113)

• BASIC QUESTIONS
• What was the Celtic contribution to the
  preservation of culture, and how did the Irish
  evangelize Europe?
• How did the conversion of the English people come
  about?
•  
• KEY IDEAS
• Celtic monasticism, heavily influenced by the
  Eastern ascetical tradition, provided the
  governance structure for the Church in Ireland,
  preserved Greco-Roman learning for Europe, and
  evangelized Northern Europe.
• Pope St. Gregory the Great sent St. Augustine of
  Canterbury, a Benedictine abbot, to England to
  convert the pagans.

44
3. The Conversion of Ireland and England (pp.
108113)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• St. Patrick is the most famous Irishman. Where
  was he born, and why did he spend his teenage and
  young adult years in Ireland?
• St. Patrick was from Roman Britain. He was
  kidnapped by Irish pirates and spent his youth as
  a slave in the northwest of Ireland.
•  
• What was the religion of Ireland before St.
  Patricks evangelization?
• The Irish were pagan Druids.
•  
• Why did St. Patrick decide to return to Ireland?
• After he had escaped and returned to his family,
  a vision called him to return to Ireland. Soon he
  began to study for the priesthood.

45
3. The Conversion of Ireland and England (pp.
108113)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How long did the conversion of Ireland take?
• It took about one generation.
•  
• Which tradition did Irish monasticism follow
  Eastern or Benedictine?
• Irish monasticism followed the Eastern tradition,
  in which monks practiced severe asceticism,
  producing spiritual athletes who could endure any
  hardship.
•  
• What made Irish monasteries the intellectual
  centers of Europe?
• The Irish monastic scriptoria and libraries saved
  a great deal of the Greco-Roman literary
  tradition, including the ability to read
  classical Greek.

46
3. The Conversion of Ireland and England (pp.
108113)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What does St. Columbas name mean in Latin?
• It means dove.
•  
• Why did St. Columba leave Ireland?
• It may have been a penance for having been
  involved in a civil war.
•  
• What king did St. Columba baptize?
• He baptized the new Scottish King, which led to
  the conversion of the Scots.

47
3. The Conversion of Ireland and England (pp.
108113)

• GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
•  
• Work with a partner to complete the following
  table on public and private penance.

48
3. The Conversion of Ireland and England (pp.
108113)
49
3. The Conversion of Ireland and England (pp.
108113)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What areas did St. Columbanus evangelize?
• He evangelized the northern coast of France and
  Switzerland.
•  
• Given what is known about St. Columbanuss
  physical presence, how does the selection from
  his Instruction reveal Christs transforming
  grace?
• He could have been a successful despot, yet he
  wanted to become a man of peace in the image of
  the Prince of Peace.
•  
• What kind of penance did St. Columbanus and
  Celtic spirituality promote?
• St. Columbanus promoted the practice of private,
  frequent, sacramental Penance.

50
3. The Conversion of Ireland and England (pp.
108113)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Who sent St. Augustine of Canterbury to
  evangelize England?
• Pope St. Gregory the Great commissioned his
  missionary journey personally.
•  
• Which Germanic tribes almost wiped out
  Christianity in England?
• The Jutes, Angles, and Saxons nearly annihilated
  the native Roman Christians. Celtic missionaries
  from Ireland had no success converting them.
•  
• How did the missionaries react when they heard
  about the ferocity of Anglo-Saxons?
• St. Augustine of Canterbury asked permission to
  return to Rome, but Pope St. Gregory the Great
  denied this request.

51
3. The Conversion of Ireland and England (pp.
108113)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How successful was St. Augustine of Canterbury as
  a missionary?
• On Christmas Day 597 alone, some 10,000 Saxons
  were baptized. Conversions spread throughout
  England.
•  
• Was the full conversion of England quick or easy?
  
• No there were six kingdoms in England, and many
  tended to revert to paganism. Celtic missionaries
  played an important role in the ongoing
  Christianization of England.
•  
• What conflict arose within the Church in England,
  and what was the result?
• There were ongoing tensions between the Celtic
  and Roman traditions. Eventually, the English
  accepted the Roman traditions, including
  Benedictine monasticism over Celtic monasticism.
  England became identified especially with the
  Roman Pontiff.

52
3. The Conversion of Ireland and England (pp.
108113)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How long did it take for England to become a
  center of Christian learning after the beginning
  of its evangelization?
• It took about one century.
•  
• What is The Ecclesiastical History of the English
  People?
• Written by St. Bede, it is the first English
  history. It portrays the Catholic Church as the
  center of the development of English culture.

53
3. The Conversion of Ireland and England (pp.
108113)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What contribution did St. Bede make to the
  measurement of time?
• St. Bede popularized Dionysius Exiguuss BC/AD
  system of calculating years.
•  
• Why is St. Bede called Venerable?
• Within a century of his death, he was declared
  Venerable because of his holy life. Extension In
  1899 Pope Leo XIII named him a Doctor of the
  Church.
•  
• What happened to the Faith in England from the
  year 800 to 1000?
• Though England supplied some of the greatest
  evangelizers of Europe, the Church underwent a
  decline partly because of the ravages of the
  Vikings.

54
3. The Conversion of Ireland and England (pp.
108113)

• CLOSURE
•  
• Open-workbook quiz using one or two questions
  from last nights homework.

55
3. The Conversion of Ireland and England (pp.
108113)

• HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
•  
• Study Questions 1420 (p. 139)
• Practical Exercise 5 (p. 140)
• Workbook Questions 5176
• Read The Conversion of Germany and the Low
  Countries through St. Vladimir The Apostle of
  the Russians and Ukrainians (pp. 114118)

56
3. The Conversion of Ireland and England (pp.
108113)

• ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
•  
• Write a one-paragraph summary of public vs.
  private penance using the completed Graphic
  Organizer on page 110.

57
4. The Conversion of Germany and the Slavs (pp.
114118)

• ANTICIPATORY SET
•  
• Discuss how cutting down a single tree was the
  beginning of the conversion of the pagan Germans.

58
4. The Conversion of Germany and the Slavs (pp.
114118)

• BASIC QUESTIONS
• What were St. Bonifaces accomplishments?
• Who were Sts. Cyril and Methodius?
•  
• KEY IDEAS
• Though temperamentally averse to suffering, St.
  Boniface effected the conversion of the German
  people and laid a monastic foundation that
  endured for three centuries.
• Sts. Cyril and Methodius were brothers who
  adapted the Faith to Slavic culture, even
  inventing a written alphabet so the Slavs could
  read the Bible in their own language
  unfortunately, many Slavs turned away from
  Catholicism because some Popes refused to
  recognize the use of the Slavic language for
  liturgical worship.

59
4. The Conversion of Germany and the Slavs (pp.
114118)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How long did it take to evangelize Germany and
  the Low Countries?
• It took many centuries. Some tribes had been
  evangelized before the Fall of Rome, and others
  were still being converted in the eleventh
  century.
•  
• What connection exists between the first
  Anglo-Saxon missionaries and Rome?
• St. Willibrord sought and received papal support
  for his mission to the Frisians.
•  
• What kind of temperament did St. Boniface have in
  his youth?
• St. Boniface was unsteady, timid, and tended
  toward discouragement and despair. Nevertheless,
  he converted the Germans and laid a monastic
  foundation that endured for three centuries.

60
4. The Conversion of Germany and the Slavs (pp.
114118)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What did St. Boniface hope to find when he
  studied the lives of the early Christians?
• He hoped to discover saints who did not have to
  suffer. When he could not, he struggled to be
  courageous and began to consider ferocious
  barbarians his brothers.
•  
• How did Pope St. Gregory II show his confidence
  in the discouraged Winfrid?
• When Winfrid felt like a failure and asked the
  Pope if he should return to England, St. Gregory
  gave Winfrid the new name Boniface, meaning doer
  of good.

61
4. The Conversion of Germany and the Slavs (pp.
114118)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Complete a Think/Pair/Share using the following
  question
• Who was St. Bonifaces secular patron, and how
  did this patron help him?

62
4. The Conversion of Germany and the Slavs (pp.
114118)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Discuss the following question
• What aspects of the Passion of Christ might have
  appealed to the German people, and why?

63
4. The Conversion of Germany and the Slavs (pp.
114118)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What tree did Boniface cut down, and what was the
  result?
• St. Boniface chopped down the Oak of Thor,
  considered sacred to the pagan Germans, which
  proved to the German people that Thor had no
  power to hurt him.
•  
• What did St. Boniface accomplish during his
  lifetime?
• Before he died a martyr, he converted German
  pagans, founded monasteries, established Church
  structure in Germany, and reformed the Church in
  Frankish lands.

64
4. The Conversion of Germany and the Slavs (pp.
114118)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How were Sts. Cyril and Methodius related?
• They were two highly intelligent and well
  educated brothers who devoted their entire lives
  to God and evangelization.
•  
• What is Glagolithic script?
• St. Cyril invented this alphabet to write the
  spoken Slavic language.
•  
• What is the historical relationship between
  Poland and the papacy?
• Duke Mieszko made Poland a vassal land of the
  Pope after he had converted under the influence
  of his Christian wife, Dubraka.

65
4. The Conversion of Germany and the Slavs (pp.
114118)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why did St. Vladimir investigate the major
  religions of the world?
• St. Vladimir thought that allying himself with a
  major religion might solidify his rule.
•  
• What deal did the Roman (Byzantine) emperor Basil
  II make with St. Vladimir?
• St. Vladimir wanted to help Basil with his army
  of 6000 Viking warriors. It was finally agreed
  that, if St. Vladimir would be baptized, he could
  marry Basils sister, Anna, and then St.
  Vladimirs army would go to work to quell
  rebellions within the Roman (Byzantine) Empire.

66
4. The Conversion of Germany and the Slavs (pp.
114118)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How might people have expected St. Vladimir to
  have behaved once his 6000 warriors had entered
  the Roman (Byzantine) Empire?
• Given his previous behavior, it is predictable he
  would have gone after them to pillage.
•  
• How did St. Vladimir actually behave after he had
  been baptized?
• He changed in a miraculous manner. He dismissed
  his previous, pagan wives in favor of the
  Christian Anna destroyed idols and shrines,
  building churches in their place established
  monasteries and Christian schools threw banquets
  for the poor and made Baptism compulsory.

67
4. The Conversion of Germany and the Slavs (pp.
114118)

• GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
•  
• Work with a partner to complete the following
  table about St. Vladimirs religious
  investigations.

68
4. The Conversion of Germany and the Slavs (pp.
114118)
69
4. The Conversion of Germany and the Slavs (pp.
114118)

• CLOSURE
•  
• Free write for five minutes about the conversion
  of Germany and the Low Countries.

70
4. The Conversion of Germany and the Slavs (pp.
114118)

• HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
•  
• Study Questions 2125 (p. 139)
• Practical Exercises 67 (p. 140)
• Workbook Questions 7794
• Read Byzantium The Long View through The
  Feast of the Triumph of Orthodoxy (pp. 118125)

71
4. The Conversion of Germany and the Slavs (pp.
114 118)

• ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
•  
• Write a paragraph comparing the initial attitudes
  of St. Augustine of Canterbury and St. Boniface
  toward doing missionary work among the Germanic
  pagans.

72
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• ANTICIPATORY SET
•  
• Search the Internet to view several icons.
  Research and print an icon you particularly like.

73
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• BASIC QUESTIONS
• How did Constantinople fare culturally and
  politically after the Fall of Rome?
• What is iconoclasm, and what lessons can be drawn
  from it?
•  
• KEY IDEAS
• Constantinople did not descend into chaos after
  the Fall of Rome rather, it grew superior
  culturally and politically to the West.
• Emperor Leo IIIbecause of abuses regarding the
  veneration of icons the influences of Judaism,
  Islam, lingering Manichaeism, and Monophysitism
  and for political reasonsordered their
  destruction, which was opposed by the Popes in
  the West and monks in the East. St. John of
  Damascus wrote sublime defenses of icons.

74
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How did the Christian population of the Roman
  (Byzantine) Empire compare with that of Rome and
  the West?
• The Roman (Byzantine) Empire had a much higher
  Christian population.
•  
• What relationship within the Roman (Byzantine)
  Empire tended to undermine the authority of the
  Pope among Eastern Christians?
• The intimate relationship between the Roman
  (Byzantine) emperor and the Patriarch of
  Constantinople came to overshadow even that
  between the Roman Pontiff and the Patriarch of
  Constantinople.

75
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Complete a Think/Pair/Share using the following
  question
• What early disasters did Islam inflict upon the
  Roman (Byzantine) Empire?

76
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How long did the Roman Empire endure centered in
  Constantinople?
• The Roman (Byzantine) Empire lasted more than
  1100 years. Extension The Roman Republic lasted
  about 700 years, and then the Roman Empire (with
  its capital in Rome and then Constantinople)
  lasted about 1400 years.
•  
• In terms of the Faith, what did the Byzantine
  Empire enjoy that the Roman Empire did not?
• The Byzantine Empire enjoyed a wholly Christian
  orientation and development.

77
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What political situation in the West tended to
  increase the sense of the universality of the
  Church?
• Because of the collapse of the Roman Empire and
  the absence of strong political communities with
  which Christians could identify, the Church
  tended to be viewed as an institution that
  transcended political boundaries and allegiances.
•  
• What feature of the relationship between throne
  and altar in the East tended to cause schisms?
• The close identification of the Church with the
  secular authority resulted in the de facto
  creation of national churches defined by specific
  political boundaries. Burgeoning nationalism
  often resulted in schisms.

78
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• FOCUS QUESTION
•  
• What is caesaropapism, and how did it sometimes
  put a Byzantine emperor in conflict with a Pope?
• Caesaropapism is a political and religious system
  in which the political ruler extends his
  authority into ecclesiastical and theological
  matters. Roman (Byzantine) emperors appointed
  bishops, especially the Patriarch of
  Constantinople, and directed the development of
  liturgical practices, even recruiting monks,
  which sometimes put them into conflict with
  Popes. Extension The desire of the secular ruler
  to control the Church within his realm was not
  limited to the East (nor even to Christian
  rulers, for that matter) it appeared often in
  the history of the Western Church as well, but
  temporal rule over Church matters never became as
  solidified as it was while the Roman Empire had
  its capital in Constantinople.

79
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
•  
• Work with a partner to complete the following
  table on the effects of Emperor Justinians
  various military campaigns.

80
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)
81
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Other than Muslims, who threatened the empire
  during Justinians reign?
• His reign was threatened by Persians in the east
  and Bulgars and Slavs from the north.
•  
• What was the importance of the Codex Justinianus?
  
• Emperor Justinian I collected and systematized
  all of Roman law from its founding in order to
  have a uniform rule of law throughout his empire.
  The resulting Codex Justinianus was the highest
  achievement in classical legal scholarship, and
  it became the basis of the canon law of the
  Church and the civil law of many European
  nations.
•  
• What negative influence did Empress Theodora have
  on her husband?
• Emperor Justinians beautiful wife convinced him
  to conspire against the Pope and replace him with
  someone she hoped would support her heretical
  position.

82
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Review the following terms
• Nestorianism
• Monophysitism
• Hypostatic Union

83
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Mini-lecture Pope Vigilius and papal
  infallibility.

84
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
•  
• Work with a partner to complete the following
  table to explain five arguments against the
  existence and use of icons.

85
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)
86
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What is an icon?
• It is a stylized, two-dimensional portrayal of
  Christ, the Blessed Virgin Mary, one of the
  saints or angels, or a scene from the Gospels. It
  can be painted, a mosaic, or bas-relief.
•  
• How is a Christian work of art to be used?
• It should be used as an aid to piety or prayer
  and as a reminder of the communion of saints.

87
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What is an iconoclast?
• An icon-breaker believes it is wrong to have or
  produce images of Christ and the saints, most
  often because it is supposedly against the First
  Commandment.
•  
• What were the motivations of the first
  iconoclasts?
• They wanted to guard against the idolatrous use
  of icons by destroying them.
•  
• Of adoration and honor, which is appropriate
  to what beings?
• A human being or angel depicted in an icon may
  legitimately be venerated with the respect and
  honor called, in Greek, dulia. God alone is
  worthy of the true worship or adoration, called
  latria.

88
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why did Empress Irene want the Ecumenical Council
  to be held in Nicæa?
• Nicæa was the site of the First Ecumenical
  Council. Irene and the iconophiles hoped the
  bishops in attendance would be reminded of Nicæa
  I and restore orthodoxy.
•  
• Why could the patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch,
  and Jerusalem not attend the Second Ecumenical
  Council of Nicæa?
• They lived in Muslim-conquered territory the
  caliph would not let them attend.
•  
• What was the result of the Second Ecumenical
  Council of Nicæa?
• Iconoclasm was condemned as heresy, and East-West
  communion was restored.

89
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Mini-lecture Iconoclasm and the development of
  doctrine.

90
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What is an iconophile?
• An icon-lover defends the proper use of icons
  in Christian worship.
•  
• How did St. John of Damascus defend the existence
  and veneration of of icons? How was this a
  defense of all Christian art?
• God took on human nature in the Person of Jesus
  Christ. He is the image of the invisible God
  (Col 1 15), which provides implicit permission
  to depict Christs human form. All such dignified
  and respectful depictions are praiseworthy.

91
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why did Emperor Constantine V oppress monks?
• Most monks were adamantly opposed to iconoclasm.
  Some 300 monks were put to death by Constantine
  V.
•  
• What brought about the second period of
  iconoclasm?
• Because many members of the military and the
  upper echelons of Byzantine society still adhered
  to iconoclasm, a series of emperors tried to
  revive this heresy to secure their support.

92
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Complete a Think/Pair/Share about the following
  question
• How did iconoclasm finally come to an end?

93
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• CLOSURE
•  
• Free write for five minutes in response to the
  following question
• Why is it not only permissible but praiseworthy
  to create artistic images of Christ and the
  saints? 

94
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
•  
• Study Questions 2631 (p. 139)
• Practical Exercise 8 (p. 140)
• Workbook Questions 95123
• Read The Origin of the Carolingian Line through
  Conclusion (pp. 126136)

95
5. The Iconoclastic Controversy (pp. 118125)

• ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
•  
• Write a paragraph about the cultural and
  spiritual life within the Eastern half of the
  Roman Empire after the Fall of Rome.

96
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• ANTICIPATORY SET
•  
• Discuss the following question
• If you had lived in the time of Pope St.
  Silverius (cf. p. 122), what might you have
  wanted in a right relationship between the
  government and the Church?

97
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• BASIC QUESTIONS
• How was the relationship between the papacy and
  the Carolingian Dynasty formed, and what were its
  effects?
• What were the causes of the Great Schism in 1054?
  
•  
• KEY IDEAS
• In the West, the Pope established a line of
  Frankish kings that resulted in protection of the
  papacy and the unification of Europe through
  Charlemagne.
• Numerous differences, misunderstandings,
  heresies, political intrigues, and individual
  sins contributed to divisions between the East
  and West, resulting in the Great Schism of 1054.

98
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How did Pepin the Short become the King of
  France?
• He asked the Pope to give him and his heirs
  kingship over France, which he did.
•  
• What did Pope Stephen IIs coronation of Pepin
  show?
• It demonstrated that Pope Stephen and King Pepin
  believed the Pope could bestow secular authority
  on kings.
•  
• What were the Papal States, what was unique about
  them for the Church, and how long did the Church
  hold them?
• The Papal States were lands around Rome Pepin
  had won them from the Lombards and secured them
  for the Pope. For the first time in the history
  of the Church, the Pope became not just a
  spiritual leader but also a temporal. This
  arrangement lasted until 1870, some 1100 years.

99
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How did Charlemagne show his devotion to the
  Faith in his public and private life?
• In his public life, Charlemagne modeled civic
  legislation on the laws of the Church, tried to
  reform the clergy, established new dioceses, and
  raised funds to support them. His throne was
  simple and unadorned. In his private life,
  Charlemagne lived the Faith, prayed, fasted, and
  read the Bible daily.
•  
• What was Charlemagnes relationship with the
  Popes?
• He protected Rome twice from invading Lombards
  and rescued Pope Leo III from some Roman
  noblemen who had imprisoned him.

100
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What did Charlemagnes coronation mean for the
  Germanic tribes?
• His crowning signified that the Germans were
  incorporated finally into Roman civilization.
•  
• How did the Roman (Byzantine) emperors view Pope
  St. Leo IIIs coronation of Charlemagne?
• Initially, they were infuriated since they were
  the emperors of the Roman Empire, whose capital
  Constantine had moved from Rome to
  Constantinople.
•  
• What are some examples of Charlemagnes
  misapplication of force?
• Charlemagne sometimes forced conversions. At one
  time he ordered the execution of 4000 rebellious
  pagan Saxons. He applied capital punishment to
  infringements against Church practices, including
  eating meat on Friday. These practices contradict
  the message of the Gospel.

101
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What did Charlemagne contribute to learning and
  art?
• Charlemagne emphasized education and artistic
  excellence and mandated that every monastery and
  parish have a school.
•  
• What was the result of the Carolingian
  Renaissance?
• The clergy was better educated in classical and
  biblical texts. This renewed enthusiasm for the
  Faith and literature paved the way for renewed
  missionary activity.
•  
• Who was Alcuin?
• A monk and later abbot, Alcuin was the most
  renowned Latin scholar of the Carolingian
  Renaissance.

102
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What are the two basic kinds of Eastern Churches
  today?
• The two basic kinds are Orthodox and Catholic.
•  
• What are the similarities between the Eastern
  Catholic Churches and Eastern Orthodox Churches?
• They share the same liturgies, customs, and
  practices.
•  
• What major difference divided eastern and western
  Christianity with respect to the use of the
  vernacular in their liturgies?
• Liturgical worship within the Eastern Churches
  has always utilized the vernacular in their
  liturgies, whereas liturgical worship within the
  Latin Church was by and large conducted in Latin.

103
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
•  
• Work with a partner to complete the following
  table according to the map The Empire of
  Charlemagne (p. 129).

104
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)
105
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Complete a Think/Pair/Share using the following
  question
• How was the relationship between Charlemagne and
  the Pope the opposite of caesaropapism?

106
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
•  
• Work with a partner to complete the following
  table about emerging differences between the East
  and West.

107
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)
108
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• GUIDED EXERCISE
•  
• Make the Sign of the Cross in the method of
  Eastern Catholics, and then discuss the following
  question
• What other differences and similarities do you
  know between the Western and Eastern Churches?

109
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• From the Western perspective, why was Filioque
  added to the Nicene Creed?
• It clarified something always believed but left
  unsaid and its addition prevented a widespread
  resurgence of Arianism.
•  
• From the Eastern perspective, what was the
  objection to adding Filioque?
• There were two objections First, the Council
  Fathers at the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon
  had prohibited changing the Creed. Second, some
  argued that Filioque reflected a heretical
  belief.
•  
• When there was a dispute over who the legitimate
  Patriarch of Constantinople was, to whom did the
  emperor and patriarch appeal?
• They agreed the Pope had the authority to decide
  the question.

110
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why did Patriarch Photius object to Western
  missionaries in Bulgaria?
• He considered it missionary territory of Eastern
  Christians.
•  
• Of what did Photius accuse the Pope?
• Photius charged the Pope with tampering with the
  Nicene Creed through the insertion of Filioque to
  describe the procession of the Holy Spirit.
•  
• How was the immediate problem between Emperor
  Michael III and Photius solved?
• Michael III died and his successor removed
  Photius as patriarch in an attempt to make peace
  with the Pope.

111
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• What did Patriarch Ignatius do in disobedience of
  the Pope?
• Restored as Patriarch of Constantinople, he began
  to ordain Bulgarian bishops against the Popes
  order.
•  
• How did Patriarch Photius create a schism?
• When he was legitimately installed as Patriarch
  of Constantinople after Ignatiuss death, he
  excommunicated the Latin Church for liturgical
  irregularities and the insertion of Filioque into
  the Creed.
•  
• What happened to Patriarch Photius?
• The new emperor forced him to resign (just as the
  previous emperor had done), and a fragile
  communion was restored between the Eastern and
  Western Churches for the next two centuries.

112
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• Why did Emperor Constantine IX want to establish
  peace with the West, and why was he unsuccessful?
  
• He needed military help against the Normans.
  Patriarch Michael Cerularius, however, incited
  riots against the emperors call for
  reconciliation, threatening civil war.
•  
• How did Patriarch Michael Cerularius respond to
  Romes excommunication?
• Cerularius excommunicated the Western Church for
  perverting the Faith.
•  
• What new titles did the Patriarch of
  Constantinople receive at this time?
• Ecumenical Patriarch of the East and first
  among equals of the Eastern patriarchs.

113
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• FOCUS QUESTIONS
•  
• How did Patriarch Michael Cerularius view the
  papacy?
• He viewed it with disgust.
•  
• To what western practices did Patriarch Michael
  Cerularius object?
• He objected to a celibate priesthood, fasting on
  Saturday, the use of unleavened bread at Mass,
  beardless priests, eating meat with blood, and
  omitting the Alleluia during Lent.
•  
• What did Patriarch Michael Cerularius allow to be
  done within churches in Constantinople that
  followed Western liturgical practices?
• He closed them and allowed their consecrated
  hosts to be trampled under foot.

114
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT
• Study Questions 3240 (p. 140)
• Workbook Questions 124155

115
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• CLOSURE
•  
• Free write for five minutes about how the
  establishment of the Papal States was beneficial
  to the Church.

116
6. The Carolingians and the Great Schism (pp.
126136)

• ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT
•  
• Discuss what you might have done to avoid the
  Great Schism had you been the Pope in 1054.

117
THE END