Police History

1
Police History

• Chapter One

2
Police

• Polis Greek for city
• Politia Latin for civil administration
• Police French 1700s began to refer to civil
  control of public order
• Marine Police 1798 first body named police in
  London (protected port ships)

3
Student Assessment Response

• The origin of police comes from
• Latin
• Armenian
• Greek
• Latin and Greek
• Armenian and Arabic

4
Civil vs. Military

• Important that police power is civil
• Military trained to search and destroy
• Limits likelihood of military coup
• Many countries still have police functions under
  military authority
• Tend to be strong arms for dictators

5
Early Police

• The Origins of Modern Law Enforcement

6
Early Police

• Traditionally policing was left in the hands of
  the family
• 5th century BC Rome created Questors
• trackers of murder
• 3rd century BC developed magistrates
• Appointed by public
• Adjudicated cases civil and criminal
• Meted out punishments

7
Early Police (cont)

• Around 1 BC Augustus forms
• Praetorian Guard first police force
• Protect palace and emperor
• Praefectus Urbi to protect city
• Vigiles of Rome
• originally fire fighters
• Patrolled streets and became first civil police
  force to protect citizens
• Very brutal, origin of word vigilante

8
Early Police (cont)

• FF to France 1300s
• Louis IX created the Provost to enforce law and
  supervise night watch
• Marechausee formed as a mounted military patrol
  to supervise highways

9
Student Assessment Response

• Traditionally policing was left to who
• police
• priests
• family
• judges
• aliens

10
Student Assessment Response

• The first police force was
• The Praetorian Guard
• Vigiles of Rome
• Augustus
• Praefectus Urbi
• Men in tights

11
English Policing

• Our Predecessor

12
English Policing

• King Alfred established the Mutual Pledge
• Citizens protected each other
• Tithings ten families
• Hundred ten tithings
• Hue and Cry call for help, citizens required to
  respond
• Constable, 1st English police officer, dealt with
  serious breaches of the law
• Shire groupings of hundred in given area
• ShireReeve governed shire

13
English Policing

• Statute of Winchester formally established
• The watch and ward required all men to
• Patrolled streets dusk to dawn
• Duties like lighting street lamps, fire fighting,
  garbage
• Enforcing the law
• The hue and cry
• Parish constable primary LE agent
• Required males to keep weapons
• Crime not to assist the watch

14
English Policing 1400s

• Justice of the Peace (JP) established
• Designed to assist sheriffs
• Developed judicial functions
• Constables reported to them
• Constables began investigations, serving court
  papers and warrants

15
English Policing 1700s

• Magistrates created
• Assisted JPs
• Ordered arrests, reviewed cases
• Beadles assisted COPs
• Thief-Takers private police
• Given money for every criminal arrest
• Similar to bounty hunter
• Used to reduce highway robbery
• Later extended to broader applications

16
English Policing 1700s

• Henry Fielding Westminster magistrate
• Formed Bow Street Runners a small investigative
  unit (1st)
• A model for many years
• Later formed horse patrol
• Londoners opposed public funded police
  preferred private system
• Foot patrol established-London 1770

17
English Policing 1700s

• Marine Police established
• 1804 1st uniformed police
• Increasing crime increased public opinion on
  public police

18
English Policing 1800s

• Robert Peel wrote Metropolitan Police Act
• Established 1st large scale, uniformed, paid,
  civil police
• 1000 officers
• Armed with baton-type weapon
• Commanded by magistrates who were renamed
  commissioners
• Police called bobbies

19
Peels 7 Principles

1. Organized along military lines
2. Selective hiring and training
3. Probation period, fire if not up to standards
4. Civil control
5. Organized and deployed by time and area
6. Central located HQs
7. Police records maintained

20
Student Assessment Response

• The watch and ward required all men to
• Patrolled streets dusk to dawn
• Keep weapons
• Pay a tithe
• Duties like lighting street lamps, fire fighting,
  garbage
• Enforcing the law

21
Student Assessment Response

• Fielding started what might have been the first
  investigative agency called
• Thief takers
• Praetorian guard
• Bobbies
• Marine Police
• Bow Street Runners

22
American Policing

• A Brief History

23
American Policing

• Early protection was family
• Militia was formed to face major threats like
  raids
• 1700s began to model British changes
• Sheriff was major figure in rural areas
• Marshall was key urban figure aided by constables
  and night watchmen
• Watch system begins to crumble mostly drunks and
  criminals

24
American Policing

• Emergencies were handled by the people
• This led to the American tradition of vigilantism
  (taking matters into your own hands)
• LE development in U.S. took two distinct paths
• Urban/eastern
• Frontier

25
Student Assessment Response

• Who was the major figure in rural areas
• sheriff
• magistrates
• Bobbies
• judges
• marshals

26
Policing in the 1800s

• Urban Experience

27
American Policing Urban 1800s

• Constables on day watch
• The watch at night
• Incompetent and Ineffective
• Boston first organized police dept created in
  1838, worked days
• Night watch taken over 1851
• New York first Peel style PD 1845
• Issued copper stars (cops)
• Uniforms instituted in 1853

28
American Policing Urban 1800s

• Primary job in 1800s was enforcement arm for
  political parties, protect private property, and
  clamp down on immigrants
• Politics dominated policing force often fired
  with new administration
• Police were not armed often carried own pistol
• This changed when court ruled in favor of police
  officer shooting a perp

29
American Policing Urban 1800s

• Limited training and limited equipment
• Corruption was rampant
• Police relied on brute force and brutality (page
  301)
• Citizens hated cops
• Established tradition of brutality and corruption
  still plaguing us

30
American Policing Urban 1800s

• Boston forms 1st US CID (criminal investigation
  division)
• Telegraph machines used
• Telephone call boxes in the 1880s
• Paddy wagons commonly used

31
Student Assessment Response

• First PD in US
• Atlanta
• New York
• Baltimore
• LA
• Boston

32
Student Assessment Response

• Early American police left which stigma for
  modern police
• Incompetence
• Corruption
• Racism
• Instability
• Political nature

33
American Policing

• Frontier Experience

34
American Policing Frontier 1800s

• Elected Sheriffs and Marshals appointed by the
  mayor or city council were only LE agents
• Usually collected taxes and served court
• Could call Posse Comitatus men over 15 had to
  serve
• Common law descendant of Hue Cry
• Led to vigilantism and lynch mobs

35
American Policing Frontier 1800s

• Federal Judiciary Act 1789 est. U.S. Marshals
• Could call on militia
• Federalized posse comitatus
• Military post-civil war use included protecting
  blacks from KKK
• Posse Comitatus Act 1879 prohibited use of
  military for civil law enforcement

36
American Policing Frontier 1800s

• Texas Rangers originally bodyguards hired to
  protect Texicans
• Became border patrol
• Became 1st state police agency w/ Texas becoming
  state 1845
• Combated cattle rustlers
• Had general police powers
• Copied by every state except Hawaii

37
American Policing Frontier 1800s

• Private Police more effective on frontier
• Allan Pinkerton (Scotland) est. agency that
  protected Lincoln
• Later employed by US Dept. of Justice, railroads,
  land speculators
• Busted major train robbers
• Eye from logo became origin of private eye

38
American Policing Frontier 1800s

• Henry Wells William Fargo founded Wells Fargo
  in 1852 to capitalize on California banking
• Mail carrying service and stage coaches
• Carried millions in gold
• Relentlessly pursued thieves
• Armored car division still around

39
Student Assessment Response

• Posse Comitatus
• Allows sheriffs to call men to help
• Was common law descendant of Hue Cry
• U.S. Marshal power after 1789
• 1879 prohibits military from police actions
• All of the above

40
Student Assessment Response

• Private security that protected Lincoln
• Wells Fargo
• Asset Protection
• Secret Service
• Pinkerton
• O.P.

41
American Policing

• Twentieth Century

42
American Policing 1900s

• Century marked by attempts to reform police and
  emergence of professionalism
• Boston Police Strike 1919
• Demanded pay increases
• State militia broke it up
• Crushed unionization for decades

43
American Policing 1900s

• Prohibition increased demands on police to
  reduce gang violence
• Corruption rampant
• Wickersham Commission 1929
• Prohibition unenforceable
• Police commanders term too short and insecure
• Lack of effective and honest cops
• Lack of training, education, and discipline
• Inadequate communications and equipment

44
American Policing 1900s

• Wickersham Commission 1929
• Criticized police for being brutal and racist
• Blamed lack of police professionalism
• Suggested selectivity in hiring, better pay, and
  more education
• Key player August Vollmer
• International Assoc. of Chiefs of Police (IACP)
  formed
• Called for removal of political influence and
  creation of civil service

45
American Policing 1900s

• August Vollmer Chief of Berkley, Ca
• Instituted professionalism
• University training
• IQ psychological testing
• Scientific crime detection
• Taught crime solving techniques
• Started School of Criminology _at_ Berkley
• Sparked reform movement
• Considered father of modern policing

46
American Policing 1900s

• O.W. Wilson
• Pioneered advanced training
• Use statistics to make patrol decisions
• Proved one man patrols were as safe
• Stressed efficient management
• Rapid response to calls
• One man patrol
• Workload formulas based on reported crimes and
  calls for service

47
American Policing 1900s

• J. Edger Hoover
• Attorney for Dept. of Justice 1921
• 1st Director of FBI (48 year term)
• Focused on public image of federal agent
• Sought accountants and lawyers
• Started
• UCRs in 30s
• NCIC
• Started 10 Most Wanted
• Started FBI Academy
• plus numerous others

48
American Policing 1900s

• J. Edger Hoover
• Wanted perception of incorruptible crime fighting
  G-men (govt men)
• Modern historians mixed recent focus on
  surveillance of MLK Elvis, racism and civil
  rights investigations, and even rumors of
  cross-dressing
• Nonetheless formed FBI and advanced
  professional standards by example

49
American Policing 1900s

• Kefauver Commision 1950
• Investigated police corruption
• Discovered nationwide network of organized crime
• Uncovered massive corruption

50
Student Assessment Response

• Criticized police for being brutal, corrupt, and
  racist
• Wickersham Commission
• Kefauver Commision
• J. Edger Hoover
• Herbert Hoover
• IACP

51
Student Assessment Response

• Started Top Ten Most Wanted list
• Wickersham Commission
• Kefauver Commision
• J. Edger Hoover
• Herbert Hoover
• IACP

52
American Policing

• Modern Era

53
Policing - Modern Era

• Supreme Court changed everything
• Warren Court individual rights
• Dramatic use of exclusionary rule (ER)
• Gutted cases due to errors guilty went free
• Mapp applied ER to nation
• Escobedo council at interrogations
• Miranda advised rights w/ Custody Questioning
• Court decisions majorly changed procedure

54
Policing - Modern Era

• Civil Rights always in the middle
• In south, enforcement of Crow laws
• Police often used to inhibit marches and
  intimidate protests and boycotts
• Bull Conner (bullhorn) Birmingham used dogs and
  hoses to end protests. Criticized for not
  investigating church bombings
• Minority relations STILL strained
• Left a wound in minority/police relations still
  evident today King riots

55
Policing - Modern Era

• National Commissions formed periodically to
  evaluate elements of police in 60s 70s
• Local Commissions formed to investigate local
  issues
• NY Knapp Commission investigated corruption
• Initiated by Serpico
• Police research becomes important

56
Policing - Modern Era

• Community Policing gains popularity in 90s
• Based on San Diego program
• Compstat Compare Stats
• Evaluates stats and weekly brainstorming session
  to strategize
• Commanders held responsible for increases
• Corporate structure

57
Policing - Modern Era

• Compstat (cont)
• Four step process
• Timely and accurate intelligence
• Effective use of tactics in response
• Rapid deployment
• Relentless follow up and assessment

58
Policing - Modern Era

• Increased scrutiny from media
• King, scandal, Louima, O.J., Furman
• L.A. Riots history of poor minority relations
  with LAPD
• Yet crime at 30 year low
• Better trained officers, better selection process
• Many improvement are evident
• Best can get even better

59
Student Assessment Response

• New crime reduction program
• IEP
• Community Policing
• IACP
• Compstat
• The David Chappelle Show

60
Student Assessment Response

• Supreme Court that expanded ER
• Rehnquist Court
• Warren Court
• Thomas Court
• Marshall Court
• Brenner Court

61
Roswell Police

• A Brief History

62
Roswell PD

• ? - 1836 Military enforced Indian Treaty with
  Cherokee Nation until Trail of Tears
• Present day Roswell incorporated into Cobb County
  1836
• Cobb County Sheriff Maloney 1st LE agent over
  Roswell
• Roswell King family enforced law locally

63
Roswell PD

• 1854 Roswell City incorporated
• Established a Marshal, constables and made Board
  of Commissioners all Justices of the Peace
• Zachariah Taylor Roswell Town Constable after
  Civil War

64
Roswell PD
65
Roswell PD

• Ordinances issued in 1878 prohibited
• Business opened on Sunday
• Noise making on Sunday
• Alcohol sales within 3 miles of city
• Outhouses within 10 feet of street
• Marshal could arrest anyone breaking law in town
  without a warrant
• Fees were collected and paid to Marshal usually
  .50 cents

66
Roswell PD

• 1890 population 1,200
• Late 1800s WWI LE was mostly town Marshal and
  Sheriff Deputies
• 1921 first mention of a chief of police
• May have referred to only police officer John
  Hood
• 1926 Hood had first police car a ford seized
  from bootleggers
• Fulton County incorporated w/ Roswell
• 1939 Private security hired for night watch

67
Roswell PD

• 1943 Chief McGuinnis hired at 125 a month
  provided he would get a phone line put in his
  house
• He was replaced in 1944 by J.B. Samples who quit
  four months later
• 1950 Police Committee formed
• Two police worked 12 hour shifts 7 days a week
• 1958 Radio car linked to Atlanta PD
• Atlanta PD covered all of Fulton County until
  1970s

68
Roswell PD
69
Roswell PD

• Chief Wingo served 50s and 60s
• Major problem moonshine
• 1960 police given 5 holidays
• 1963 Jail, PD, and 2 cars linked by radio system
• Det. Bryson 1st Detective 1964

70
Roswell PD - 1965
71
Roswell PD - 1970
72
Roswell PD

• 1974 department becomes public safety department
• Supervisors wear business attire
• Chief becomes Public Safety Director
• 1975 returns to paramilitary structure
• 1978 POST certification required
• 1982 special operations unit formed

73
Roswell PD

• 1971 8 officers
• 1977 30
• 1998 98 officers, 148 total employees
• 1993 moved into new facility with 88 inmate
  capacity jail and state of the art communications
  center

74
Roswell PD - 1972
75
Roswell PD - 1976
76
Roswell PD - 1991
77
(No Transcript)
78
Roswell PD - 1965
79
Roswell PD - 1992
80
Roswell PD Today
81
Roswell PD Officer Leslie Warden KIA 06/14/86
82
End Chapter One