Did NATO Military Action Against Yugoloslavia Violate Just War Theory?

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Did NATO Military Action Against Yugoloslavia
Violate Just War Theory?

• By YES Kristi and Jen
• NO Jill and Sharon

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The Just War Theory

• The Just War Theory deals with the justification
  of how and why wars are fought
• The justification can be either theoretical or
  historical
• The theoretical aspect is concerned with
  ethically justifying war and forms of warfare
• The historical aspect, or the just war
  tradition deals with the historical body of
  rules or agreements applied (or at least
  existing) in various wars across the ages

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Just War Theory, Continued

• In general terms, the Just War Theory demands
• That there must be sufficient and just reason for
  going to war,
• There must be legitimate authority to declare war
• It must be waged by appropriate means
• There must be prospects of success
• And all other avenues must have been previously
  exhausted
• Levels of violence should not exceed what is
  necessary to achieve the mission at hand
• War must end in a peace better than the situation
  before the war started

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NATO

• Stands for North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Comprised of most of the countries of Western
  Europe, Canada and United States
• They agreed to come to the assistance of any
  member should it be attacked
• Built against the threat of Warsaw Treaty
  Organization in 1949
• New Strategic Concept developed after the Cold
  War, which reduced standing military forces and
  allowed them to focus on crisis response
• Had 16 members since 1982. In 1999, Poland,
  Hungary and Czech Republic joined
• Has achieved a higher level of political and
  military cooperation among its membership than
  virtually any other organization in the world

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Yugoslavia, Location
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Yugoslavia

• Yugoslavia was divided into eight provinces after
  WWII
• Various religions in the state (influenced by
  surrounding countries) i.e. Christian in Croatia,
  Catholic in Serbia, Orthodox in Serbia and
  Macedonia, and Islam in Kosovo and Albania
• Serbia/Montenegro were the core of Yugoslavia and
  had the majority of power in the region
• Slovenia and Croatia felt isolated and declared
  their independence in 1991 ? war started
• War spread to Bosnia in 1992
• 1995 Dayton Agreement brought peace
• War started again in Kosovo in 1999

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Kosovo

• Kosovo is in Serbia with mostly Albanian people
• Until 1989, they had autonomy
• 1989, President Slobodan Milosevic removes
  autonomy and placed Kosovo under Serbian control
• Albanians forced out of political roles, ethnic
  cleansing and discrimination begins
• 1998, Serbian police/military versus Kosovo and
  Albanian forces
• 1500 deaths and 400,000 refugees
• May 28, 1998, NATO meets to discuss involvement
• NATOs Objectives
• Achieve a peaceful resolution
• Stabilize and secure neighbouring countries
  (especially Albania and Macedonia)
• Oct. 13, 1998, NATO orders air strikes but at the
  last minute, Milosevic agrees to comply and back
  off so theyre called off
• UN gets involved
• UN Security council resolution 1199
• Calls for ceasefire
• Limits number of Serbian troops allowed in Kosovo
  verification Mission (KUM) to observe compliance
• NATO agrees to observe with aerial surveillance

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Kosovo, Continued

• Violence returns in 1999
• Jan. 29, 1999, Nation Contact Group meets and
  encourages negotiation between parties
• Jan. 30, 1999, NATO warns Milosevic force will be
  used if he doesnt back off
• Feb. 6-23, 1999, negotiations in Rambouillet,
  France NATO makes demands on Serbia
• March 15-18, another peace negotiation
• Kosovo and Albania agree to sign a drafted peace
  proposal
• Serbia refuses
• Serbia moves more forces into Kosovo (theyre
  having no success there because of Serbian
  opposition)
• March 23, 1999, Operation Allied Force begins
• NATO bombing campaign lasts for 78 days (aerial
  campaign, no ground troops deployed)
• June 9, 1999, agreement made between NATO and the
  Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
• June 10, Serbian forces begin pulling out of
  Kosovo (completely gone by June 20)

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Kosovo, Continued

• June 12, 1999 NATO and UN troops begin
  clean-up
• K-For 50,000 people under unified control
  contributed by 12 countries (help with clean-up)
• By the end of the war, refugees are scattered
• Albania?430,000 people
• Macedonia?230,000 people
• Montenegro?64,000 people
• Bosnia?21,500 people
• Other?61,000 people
• 58,000 Kosovars are homeless
• By the end of May, 1999, 1.5 million people (90
  of Kosovos population) had been expelled from
  their homes
• 225,000 Kosovar men missing (5000executed)
• Animosity between people still exists
• There are still many unexploded mines and cluster
  bombs
• Economic downturn (civilian infrastructure
  destroyed), lots of unemployment
• Milosevic remained in power until his government
  was overthrown in 2002 by popular uprising
• New elections brought Vojuslav Kostunica to power

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Yes Side Components of Just War Theory That Have
Been Violated

• Legitimate Authority
• Waged by Appropriate Means
• All Other Attempts Have Been Made
• Levels of Violence Should Not Exceed What is
  Necessary to Achieve the Mission at Hand
• War Must End in a Peace Better Than the Situation
  Before The War Started

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Yes Side NATOs Mistake

• The Double Standard
• Fought to free Kosovo but ignored the ethnic
  cleansing in Chechnya, East Timor, etc.
• Could this be because Kosovo has some of the
  richest mineral resources in Europe?
• Bombing Inaccuracies
• Flying high reduced accuracy of bombs hitting
  targets (as much as 2/3 km off)
• Densely populated and residential areas became
  targets
• Chinese embassy bombed
• Civilian infrastructure targeted (ie. Hospital,
  water plants, bridges, apartments)
• One month of NATO bombing caused more damage than
  by the Nazis occupation of Yugoslavia from 1941
  to 1945

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Yes NATOs Mistakes, Continued

• Depleted Uranium
• 10 tonnes of DU used in shells by NATO illegally
• DU causes long term damage to lungs and kidneys
  and may lead to cancer
• Cluster Bombs
• 1392 dropped not all exploded so they are still
  causing casualties
• Broke Geneva Convention Equipment deployed in
  battlefield must not be lethally effective after
  peace treaty is signed
• UN formed MACC (a mine cleaning association) to
  find cluster bombs 47 dead, 97 wounded and
  many are still unfound in less frequented areas
  of the country

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No Side Components of Just War Theory That Have
Been Obeyed

• There must be sufficient and just reason for
  going to war
• There must be legitimate authority to declare war
• It must be waged by appropriate means
• There must be prospects of success
• All other avenues must have been previously
  exhausted
• Levels of violence should not exceed what is
  necessary to achieve the mission at hand

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No Side Milosevics Reign

• Discrimination towards ethnic Albanians
• Forced deportation by the thousands
• In 12 weeks, more than 850,00 ethnic Albanians
  were expelled from Kosovo by Serbian military,
  police and paramilitaries
• Houses looted, entire villages burned
• Refugees robbed and beaten
• Thousands of women and some children
  raped-systematic and organized rape
• Adult males detained and executed by the hundreds
• Arbitrary arrest and detentions
• Contamination of water wells
• Target killings and mass graves
• Between March 24-June 12, 1999

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Pictures
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More Pictures
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The End