HIS 106 Chapter 29

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HIS 106Chapter 29

• Modern East Asia

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• The West was an aggressive, expanding force
  bringing great changes to the East
• China and Japan, both steeped in Confucianism,
  began to fall apart when faced with this dominant
  force

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China

• Manchu China and the Qing Dynasty tried to
  tightly control the Europeans in the mid-17th
  century
• European trade was only conducted in Macao and
  Canton
• 18th century missionary work was restricted
• Manchus were able to enforce their policies for
  a time

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• Qing weakened from within because of growing
  population and social unrest
• British opium from India weakened it from without
• But China was strong until 1800
• Then corruption, economic problems, and social
  unrest set in

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• Westerners were good at taking advantage of these
  weaknesses to get more control of Chinas markets
  and reduce the Qing rulers to puppets
• Manchus ruled an area larger than any other
  Chinese dynasty except the Tang

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• Manchus kept
• The Ming political system
• The examination system
• Confucian rituals
• Taxes but reduced tax exemptions
• The system that pardoned dissidents
• Manchus knew they made up only 2 of the
  population and would have to serve all the people

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• Manchus tried to help the peasants
• Taxes and labor demands were lowered
• A large part of the budget went to repairing
  dikes, canals, and roadways
• They extended irrigation
• Peasants were encouraged to grow cash crops
• Then the population kept growing. It was 400
  million in the early 19th century

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• To accommodate a growing population, more land
  was put into agriculture but that took land away
  from housing
• Landowners took land away from peasants as
  payment for debts
• Then there were landless and unemployed people

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• Merchants gained in wealth and this gave rise to
  a new class Compradors- who mainly dealt in
  import/export trade
• So we have
• Unemployment
• Less land for housing
• More imports
• Increased corruption cheating on exams

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• As a result of cheating, more uneducated people
  were brought into government
• Those who honestly took exams rioted
• Less money was used to improve dikes, and many
  collapsed flooding farms and killing people in
  18th century
• Food shortages, famine, and disease followed
• Banditry was on the rise

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• Manchus had too many internal problems to solve
• Then came increased trade with Europeans,
  especially the British
• British imported silks, porcelain, and tea
• They paid with silver bullion
• Too much bullion was leaving England, so they had
  to trade in something the Chinese might want
  Indian Opium

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• By the beginning of the 19th century, 4500 chests
  of opium weighing 133 lbs. each were sold to
  Chinese merchants
• By 1839, nearly 40,000 chests were imported by
  the Chinese
• The trade imbalance was reversed in favor of the
  British

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• Seeing what a threat opium was, the Chinese tried
  to stop its importation
• More money was going out to the British for opium
• This is money needed for public works
• By 1838, 1 of Chinas 400 million people were
  addicted
• People lost their ambition and their jobs
• They only wanted more opium

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• Qing Dynasty tried to stop the flow of opium but
  couldnt
• Lin Zexu , drug czar, was given orders to stop it
• He ordered Canton blockaded, warehouses searched,
  and opium destroyed
• British were angered and the Opium wars began in
  1939 and lasted until 1842

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• The British won and created their Unequal Treaty
  System which remained in effect until 1943
• It reduced China to colony-like status
• Extraterritoriality was practiced. This said
  foreigners followed their own countrys laws
  while in China, not Chinese laws
• Ports were opened to foreigners

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• Opium was legalized
• Restrictions on missionaries were lifted
• Tariff rates on imported goods were low, cutting
  revenue to China
• By the end of the 19th century,
  extraterritoriality had evolved into Spheres of
  Influence zones where interests of a particular
  nation took precedence (Treaty Ports)

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Western Challenges

• Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) was weakening by the end
  of the 19th century
• Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) a peasant
  rebellion resulting in 20 million deaths the
  government was unable to control the provinces
• Boxer Rebellion (1898) tried to get rid of
  foreigners other foreigners stepped in to stop
  the rebellion

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• Qing Dynasty could not control foreigners in
  their own land
• Chinese morale low
• People lost faith in dynasty
• Dynasty tried to implement reforms in 1860s to
  bring back Confucianism to government
• They tried to obtain modern military technology

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• 1st decade of the 20th century was filled with
  reforms
• Chinese-Western curriculum added to schools
• New military schools and forces begun
• Budget reforms
• Exam system abolished, 1905
• Constitutional system with national assemblies
  begun

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Revolution

• Led by Sun Yat-sen (Sun Zhong-shan) and others
• 1905, he helped found the United League brought
  together opposing forces
• 1911, revolution broke out because national
  government was going to nationalize the railroads
  on terms favorable to foreigners

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• The result was protest by the assemblies who
  declared their independence
• National military forces helped to overthrow the
  Qing Dynasty in 1912
• Sun Yat-sen assumed the presidency of the new
  Chinese Republic in 1912

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• The United League started in 1905 by Sun Yat-sen
  became the National Peoples Party or the
  Guomindang (GMD, KMD, or KMT- take your pick)
• The KMT tried to set up a parliamentary
  government in China but were challenged by war
  lords around China

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• Sun Yat-sen turned over the office of provisional
  president to Yuan Shikai, who had gotten the
  emperor to abdicate
• It was felt he could get all of China under one
  rule
• Yuan turned into a dictator but died in 1916
  before he declared himself emperor
• The real power after 1912 was in the hands of the
  warlords

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• The KMT did persevere and finally took control of
  China in 1928
• However, it was always challenged by the new
  Chinese Communist Party with its rising star Mao
  Tse-tung
• By 1928 Chiang Kai-shek was leading the KMT with
  the help of the U.S. because Chiang said he was
  anti-communist the U.S. backed anti-communists

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• Chiang was able to push the communists into the
  mountains in the early 1930s during the Long
  March
• Communists stayed there building their power
  until after World War II
• 1946-1949, Communists fought the KMT in a civil
  war
• Communists won Chiang and followers went to
  Taiwan

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• Japan was also challenging China
• They wanted land and resources
• During World War I, Japan ignored Chinas
  neutrality and occupied the German positions on
  the Shangtung Peninsula
• They demanded certain controls over the Chinese
  government

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• The Paris Peace Conference ending the First World
  War ignored Chinas claims and let Japan keep
  Shangtung, Mongolia, and S. Manchuria
• This set off another push for nationalism for
  China

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Northwest, Vietnam, Korea

• China did conduct foreign relations with areas
  just outside its borders
• In some cases, these areas had once been part of
  China
• Northwest
• China confronted Russia
• By 1878, China had taken back Turkestan which
  became known as the New Territories

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• 1881 treaty with Russia returned most of the Ili
  region of western Mongolia
• China regained some of its self-confidence

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• Vietnam
• Remained independent of China
• Was infused with Chinese culture laws, writing
  system, government, it traded with China
• 1840s, a move was made to remove French
  influences and Christianity
• Thousands of French and Vietnamese priests were
  killed

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• The French retaliated and in the end, by 1893,
  had taken Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos
• They thus formed French Indochina lasting
  until1940

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• Korea
• Saw itself as a tributary of China
• Tried to enforce its own seclusion, isolation
• Had foreign ties to Japan and China only
• 1893, a religious sect rebelled against Korean
  government in Seoul
• Both China and Japan sent troops and then they
  ended up fighting each other in 1894

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• Taiwan became Japans first colony
• China showed its weaknesses when it lost in Korea
  to Japan

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Japan

• Before Commodore Matthew C. Perrys visit to
  Japan in the 1850s, Japan had had contact with
  Westerners Portuguese and the Dutch
• There were schools for the elite and the
  commoners
• by 1859, 40 of adult males and 15 of women
  could read

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• Through their ability to read, some Japanese
  became awqare of western ideas
• The ban on Western books was lifted in 1720
• Some kept up on the ways of the Dutch because
  Japan traded with them in Nagasaki

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• A Dutch School began and students learned about
  Dutch medicine and other Western scientific
  advances
• They also studied Western physics, geography, and
  chemistry
• So they were aware of Western advances and some
  were open to new ideas when Perry forced Japans
  isolation to end

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Power

• Traditionally, real power was in the hands of the
  leading warrior, or Shogun, although the Emperor
  held the title of leader
• The leading class was a warrior class of Samurai
• Felt superior to most
• Held authority over 260 domains in the country

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• Daimyos were the lords of the manor or domains
• Emperor
• Shogun
• Samurai
• Daimyos
• Peasants
• The system began to decline in the 1850s

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• 1853 1854 Commodore Matthew C. Perry visited
  Japan
• Most Japanese wanted foreigners but were not
  strong enough to keep them out
• They did not have the technology
• The Shogun was forced to make trade treaties with
  the U.S.

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• Foreigners then gained extraterritoriality
  privileges
• Economic disruption followed
• Samurai discipline began to collapse
• Power of the Shogun and Emperor were questioned
• The Emperor retained his prestige
• The Shogun fell

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• Rule was returned to the Emperor, the Meiji
• Meiji Restoration modernizing changes were
  introduced by men who had rebelled

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• Major Changes
• Capital was moved to Tokyo (Edo) from Kyoto
• Land belonging to Daimyos was returned to Emperor
  and ruled by a central government
• The land was then divided into prefectures
• Central government 1868 Council of State with
  Ministries under it

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• They created a modern army and navy
• In finance they did not borrow from foreigners
• Improved schooling it was secular and
  compulsory created elementary schools and
  universities
• Some agricultural growth

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• Economic area went through 4 stages
• Stage I developed industry, banks, schools
  phase ended in 1881
• Stage II (1880s-1890s) created Zaibatsu
  (industrial cliques) built railroads and private
  industry producing cement, bricks, glass, and
  chemicals

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• Stage III (1905-1929) economic growth and then
  a slowdown
• Stage IV bank crisis 1927 followed by
  Depression recovery felt by 1933 because of
  military procurements
• By 1900, Japans industry was diversified and
  strong. They had modernized within a 50 year
  period. They adopted Western ideas that helped
  them progress.

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• Japans desire was to be recognized as a great
  nation
• They set up a good foreign policy with some
  imperialist expansion
• They practiced diplomacy and made new treaties
  with the West
• 1902, British-Japanese Alliance
• By 1914, Japan had risen from semi-colonialism to
  virtual equality with other great powers

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Japan Seen as a Great Nation

• Japan got rid of extraterritoriality by 1899
• It won a war with China over Korea and received
  an indemnity and territory as a result
• Japan took part in an international force to put
  down the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900

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• Joined in an Anglo-Japanese Alliance in 1902
• Japan won the Russo-Japanese War in Manchuria in
  1905
• Then Japan tried to take colonies like other
  great powers, but the West didnt like it when
  Japan tried to take more territory in China in
  the 1930s

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• By the 1930s, Japan was questioning its leaders
  and its fledgling democracy
• There was a Depression and Japan needed resources
• Taking territory earned them scorn from the West

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• So Japan tried diplomacy- Shidehara Diplomacy to
  get resources
• It proved to be too slow
• Japan then turned to militarism
• Japanese admired Nazi Germany
• After embargos were placed on Japan for taking
  more territory in China, Japan entered the
  Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, Sept. 1940