The Changing Life of the People Before and After 1750

1
The Changing Life of the PeopleBefore and After
1750
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Marriage and the Family

• Extended and the Nuclear Families
• Previous thought Extended families gives way
  to Industrialism

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New thought Extended family was a rarity in
western and central Europe by 1700 Parents would
move in with their children rather than the
reverse
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Who Married ,When and Why
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• Many never married
• Those that did, married late 27 yrs old
• Most men and women married in late 20s
• Economic conditions major condition for marriage
• Peasant sons would wait for inheriting land

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• Peasant daughters would have to accumulate a
  dowry

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Marriage Ceremony
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Why continued

• Community controls
• Many needed permission from local officials
• Poor would be discouraged because they became a
  burden on the community

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Work Away from Home

• Boys would go where the work was
• Sometimes as an apprentice at 14 forbidden to
  marry
• Always subject to economic fluctuation

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• Girls jobs were more limited
• Domestic service was most common
• Physical and mental abuse by the mistress of the
  house
• Sexually exploited by family and friends of family

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The CarnivalSocial Inversion

• Public humiliation

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Premarital Sex and Community Controls

• Up until 1750 illegitimacy was rare
• Premarital sex was common
• Going steady
• Promised

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• Community controls
• Open field systems led to patterns of cooperation
• Moved quickly to protect unwed mother
• Carnival Season humiliation rituals

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Community Controlscontinued

• Family planning was up to the couple
• Contraception 1700s in urban areas- sheath
• Created by Fallapio in 1564. He claimed to have
  invented a linen sheath,, as protection against
  syphilis
• Coitus interruptus- Withdrawl

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The Cottage Industry

• Cottage industry wages made people independent
• Courtship becomes freer
• The illegitimacy explosion Cottage industry and
  urban migration

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New Patterns of Illegitimacy

• 1750 to 1850 Illegitimacy Explosion
• Germany rose to 25
• France 36
• More women were active
• Fewer men would marry
• Cottage industry wages made people independent
• Courtship becomes freer

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Illegitimacycontinued

• Urbanization growing population sent villagers
  to the city
• Mobility not subject to traditions
• Promises were made, but not kept? Sincere or not?

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Children and Education

• If the couple lived to 45 they had six or more
  children
• One in three or one in five died - depending on
  social class
• Parents neglect was a reason for mortality
  Vicious circle. High mortality rare lead to
  abuse.
• Schools
• Most never learned to read but literacy was
  growing
• The book hungry Public

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Child Care and Nursing

• Lower class women breast fed
• Longer then today
• Reduces chance of pregnancy
• Increases immunities
• Upper-class rarely breast fed
• Hired a wet nurse
• Middle class women used a wet nurse so she could
  go to work

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Wet Nursing

• Women were exploited
• If they dried they were fired
• Their own babies were neglected
• Attitudes toward the nurses
• Passed their bad traits to babies
• Killing nurses let the baby die to take another
  fee

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Foundlings and Infanticide

• Christian Church through Jewish scriptures
  denounce practice
• Overlaying Austria made it illegal to take
  toddlers to bed with them.
• Abortions were rare and dangerous
• Foundling Homes St Vincent de Paul. The wealthy
  donate to the cause demonstrates social concern

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Foundlings continued

• Even so, by 1770 1/3 of all babies born in Paris
  were abandoned. 1/3 of those were from married
  couples The working poor.
• ½ of these died early up to 90 on some homes
• 100, 000 admitted per year

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Attitudes Toward Children

• A minor concern of parents regardless of class-
  High infant mortality
• One blushes to think of loving ones children
• But What about evolution
• But What about Christianity
• Child mortality rates were high so dont become
  attached?
• No doctors for the children
• Factory abuse normal to treat children poorly
• Vicious circle

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Attitudes continued

• When attention was given is was often abusive
• Spare the rod, spoil the child.
• Mother of John Wesley conquer the will of the
  child.
• Cry silently to avoid more punishment

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Attitudes

• Early paupers were beaten in factories because it
  was considered normal
• Enlightenment ideas appear
• Rousseau.. Emile 1762
• Greater love and tenderness
• Nurse your own child
• Stop swaddling

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Schools and Popular Education

• Aristocrats
• 16th century often sent children colleges
  Jesuits
• Elementary education for the common 18th
  century
• Boys and girls 7-12
• Literacy and religion
• The Reformation fostered education competition
  for the mind of the people
• Prussia leads the way 1717... Mandatory
  elementary ed.
• Literacy rates skyrocket from 1600-1800.

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What Did They Read?

• The educated public Philosophical works
• The commoners
• The Bible
• Chap books
• Fairy tales, Fictions, Adventures
• Morality lessons
• Almanacs practical information astrology,
  weird facts etc.

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Food and Medical Practices

• The poor Grains - bread, wine and beer and some
  vegetables, fruit was uncommon Feel full
• Ate less meat in the 1700s then in the 1500s
• Poor were not allowed to hunt game.
• The Just Price bread was important.
• Against free market ideas
• So what this is bread

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Diets Continued

• The wealthy
• Meat and more meat
• Cheeses, nuts, sweets
• Alcohol and more alcohol
• Middle class mixture of all
• England, Hollands poor ate best among the poor.

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The Impact on health

• The poor lacked important vitamins A and C
• The rich had gout
• The middle class mixed their diet.
• The potato from the Americas A and C-
  Scurvy-limes
• 18th century tropical fruits appeared in maritime
  Europe
• White bread
• Sugar

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Medical Practitioners

• The Enlightenment courses are created
• Women were restricted by the 1700s
• Faith healers the countryside
• Apothecaries Purging
• Physicians
• Men
• Wealthy
• Served the wealthy
• Practices Bloodletting and purging
• Surgeons war allowed for practices to advance

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Medicine continued

• The Midwife
• Witch hunt craze
• Doctors helped eliminate the tradition
• But may still remained
• Dealt with female medical issues-venereal disease
• The Hospital
• Dirty
• Enlightenment hospital reform
• Mental hospitals discipline, the lunatic, male
  masturbation epilepsy, acne, and premature
  ejaculation
• Quacks electricity
• Small Pox inoculation through small pox Jenner

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Religion and Popular Culture

• Religion
• Church was woven into society The Parish Church
  was the basic unit
• Charity
• Education
• Priest for Protestants was no longer the
  intermediaries.
• Catholics less subject to the Pope State
  controls Church
• Jesuits 1773 were dissolved by Rome.
• Abolition of contemplative orders Edict of Idle
  Institutions Austria

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Protestant Revival

• Germany Pietism
• Warm emotional religion
• Priesthood for all believers
• Christianity in everyday affairs- the practical
  power
• Enthusiasm in prayer
• Rejection of rationalism
• John Wesley Methodists England
• Church of England was corrupt
• Took his emotional appeal to the people
• Rejects predestination makes Methodism popular

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Catholic Piety

• Condemns paganism
• Festivals were to remember Biblical events
• The Piety of the people and the theological
  purity was mostly a compromise

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Leisure and Recreation

• Carnival wild release
• Oral tradition for the common
• Drinking and talking in a public place, taverns.
• More Gin being made

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Leisure

• Commercialization
• Fairs
• Entertainment
• Blood sports
• Gambling
• Wedge grows between the common and the elite