Describe the structure of the lymphatic system.

1
Lymphatic System and Immunity

• Describe the structure of the lymphatic system.
• Analyze the function of the lymphatic system.
• Identify the characteristics and treatment of
  common lymphatic disorders.
• Apply standard precautions.

2
Bell Ringer

• Complete the first column o the Anticipation
  Guide. WITHOUT the Book! Then Read.
• THE PAGE NUMBERS are 310-313

3

• Get out your work from FridayI need to see it!

4

• Bell.
• Pop Quiz
• List one function of the Lymphatic System
• Put your name on the paper and pass it up!

5

• List one function of the Lymphatic System

6
What the heck does it do.

• Transports digested fat from the intestine to the
  bloodstream
• Removes and destroys toxic substances
• Resists the spread of disease throughout the body.

Functions
7
Structures.

• LYMPH fluid that goes between capillary blood
  and tissues.
• LYMPH VESSELS transport excess tissue fluid
  back into circulatory system.
• LYMPH NODES produce lymphocytes, filter out
  harmful bacteria.
• SPLEEN produces lymphocytes and monocytes,
  blood reservoir, recycles old red cells.
• Thymus gland produces T-LYMPHOCYTES

8
LYMPH

• Straw-colored fluid (similar to plasma)
• INTERSTITIAL FLUID or tissue fluid because it is
  in the spaces between cells
• Composed of H2O, lymphocytes, some granulocytes,
  O2, digested nutrients, hormones, salts, CO2 and
  urea.
• NO red blood cells or protein molecules (too
  large)
• Carries digested food, O2 and hormones to cells
• Carries wastes back to capillaries for excretion
• Since the lymphatic system has no pump, skeletal
  muscle action squeezes lymph along
• Valves prevent backward flow

9
LYMPH VESSELS

• Closely parallel veins
• Located in almost all tissues and organs that
  have blood vessels
• Tissue lymph enters small lymph vessels which
  drain into larger vessels called lymphatics
  they flow into one of two large, main lymphatics
  the 1)THORACIC DUCT and 2)right lymphatic duct.
• 1)THORACIC DUCT gets lymph from left side of
  chest, head and neck, abdominal area and lower
  limbs ? left subclavian vein ? superior vena cava
  ? heart.
• 2)right lymphatic duct-lymph from right arm,
  right side of head and upper trunk.
• Lymph flows only in one direction from body
  organs to the heart.

10
Lymph circulation showing interaction with blood
vessels and cells
11
Regional lymphatics and drainage patterns of the
left breast
Palpation of lymph nodes Anterior cervical chain
12
LYMPH NODES

• Tiny, oval shaped - size of pinhead to size of
  almond
• Located alone or grouped
• Site for lymph production and filter for
  screening out harmful substances
• If substance cant be destroyed, node becomes
  inflamed

13
Bell

• Make sure this is complete!...Workbook pgs
  191-192 A and B
• Get out your packets/outlines
• Tonsils
• Spleen
• Thymus
• Small Group Project
• You are expected to participate
• You are expected to present
• Yes, this counts as a grade!
• You have 20 minutes to complete. Some of you are
  done,.stay in your seat!

14
TONSILS

• Masses of lymphatic tissue that produce
  lymphocytes and filter bacteria they get
  smaller in size as person gets older

15
SPLEEN

• The spleen performs many important functions
  related to the immune system.

• Sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue
• Upper left abdominal cavity, just below diaphragm
• Forms lymphocytes and monocytes
• Filters blood
• Stores large amounts of RBCs contracts during
  vigorous exercise or loss of blood, to release
  RBCs
• Destroys or removes old or fragile RBCs

16
THYMUS GLAND

• Upper, anterior thorax, above the heart
• Thymus is also considered an endocrine gland

17
Bellringer

• Complete 3rd column of Anticipation GuideGrade
  yourself!
• Complete workbook 191 A-F
• Complete 1-5 pg 304

18
Bellringer

• QUIETLY
• Answer Review questions1-5 on page 326 in text

19
Bell..

• Get out the outline and turn to page 292 in your
  textbook

20
Bell

• Text page 324 9 10
• You will be taking notes during the presentations
  on the forms on your desks

21
Define

• Normal Defense/individuals immune system
• What is its unique feature?
• Page 314, text
• Chain of Infection Group GO!

22
Small Group Project

• You are expected to participate
• You are expected to present
• Yes, this counts as a grade!
• http//www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id7053834n

23
Bell

• Text 327
• Case study

24

• the bodys ability to resist bacterial invasion
  and disease.
• 2 general types
• natural and acquired.

Immunity
25
NATURAL IMMUNITY at birth, inherited and
permanent. Includes

• Unbroken skin
• Mucus and tears
• Blood phagocytes
• Local inflammation

26
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

• bodys reaction to invaders

27
PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

• Acquired artificially by injecting antibodies to
  protect from a specific disease
• Immediate immunity
• Lasts 3-5 weeks
• Used when someone exposed to measures, tetanus,
  infectious hepatitis
• Mother provides newborn with some passive immunity

28
ACTIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

• lasts longer, two types
• NATURAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY result of having had
  and recovered from a disease. For example, a
  child who had measles will usually not get it
  again childs body has manufactured antibodies.
• ARTIFICIAL ACQUIRED IMMUNITY comes from being
  vaccinated

29
IMMUNIZATION

• artificial resistance to a particular infection
  by artificial means
• Antigen injected into a person to stimulate
  production of antibodies

30
Go to Thinking Map Immunity
31
Assignment

• Complete worksheet from packet Immunity Chart
• Text page 326 matching
• From overhead notes complete the outline

32
Bell

• Workbook complete pages 196-197
• J-M

33
Bell.

• Using Immunity Chart" and text pages 314 and 315
  complete workbook pg 195-G and H

34
Viruses Smallest organisms Electron
Microscope. Cannot reproduce unless inside
another living cell

• Three Diseases Hepatitis B-HBV virus
• Transmitted blood body secretions
• Liver destruction
• Vaccine Viruses Smallest organisms Electron
  Microscope. Cannot reproduce unless inside
  another living cell
• Hepatitis C-HCV
• Transmitted blood body secretions
• Liver destruction

• AIDS/HIV-Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome
  virus
• Cannot fight cancers and infections
• No cure

35
OSHA

• passed regulations in 1991 requiring all health
  care facility employers to
• -        Determine which employees will have
  exposure to blood and body fluids
• -        Provide Hepatitis B vaccine free to
  employees with exposure risk (or signed refusal)
• -        Provide personal protective equipment
  (PPE) such as gloves, gowns, lab coats, masks,
  and face shields
• -        Provide adequate hand washing facilities
  and supplies
• -        Ensure clean safe work environment
• -        Follow decontamination protocol for
  contaminated surfaces
• -        Dispose of infectious wastes correctly
• -        No eating, drinking, smoking, handling
  contact lenses, applying lip balm, etc. in risk
  area

36
Skillsvery serious responsibility

• http//www.wral.com/news/local/story/8606924/

37
Disorders of the Lymphatic System

• ADENITIS swelling in the lymph glands
• TONSILLITIS
• In childhood, they may become infected, enlarged,
  and cause difficulty swallowing
• Surgery done in extreme cases
• LYMPHADENITIS enlargement of the lymph nodes,
  occurs when infection is present and body is
  attempting to fight off the infection.
• HODGKINS DISEASE cancer of the lymph nodes,
  painless swelling of lymph nodes is early
  symptom. Rx chemotherapy and radiation

38
INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS

• Caused by virus
• Frequently in young adults and children
• Spread by oral contact (kissing)
• Symptoms enlarged lymph nodes, fever, physical
  and mental fatigue, ? leukocytes
• Rx bed rest

39
HYPERSENSITIVITY

• When the bodys immune system fails to protect
  itself against foreign material, and instead, the
  antibodies formed irritate certain body cells.
• An abnormal response to a drug or allergen.
• An ALLERGEN is an antigen that causes allergic
  responses. (Examples of allergens ragweed,
  penicillin, bee stings, foods, etc.)

40
ANAPHYLAXIS

• severe, sometimes fatal allergic reaction
• Antigen-antibody reaction stimulates a massive
  secretion of histamine
• Symptoms breathing problems, headache, facial
  swelling, falling blood pressure, stomach cramps,
  and vomiting
• Rx adrenaline

41
AIDS/HIV

• Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
• Caused by HTLV-III (human T-lymphotrophic virus
  type III) Commonly caused HIV or Human
  immunodeficiency virus.
• Affects not only homosexual males but all
  populations
• The patient with AIDS cannot fight off cancers
  and most infections.
• Three responses to HIV infection
• AIDS
• ARC (AIDS-related complex)
• Asymptomatic infection
• Screening tests for HIV/AIDS are available
• AIDS
• Most severe type of HIV infection
• Subject to OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS a healthy
  person would fight off these infections, but a
  person with AIDS has a compromised immune
  response.
• Symptoms of AIDS
• Prolonged fatigue
• Persistent fevers or night sweats
• Persistent, unexplained cough
• Thick coating in throat or on tongue
• Easy bruising, unexplained bleeding
• Appearance of purple lesions on mucous membranes
  or skin that dont go away

42
The AIDS Patient

• Sometimes treated as outcasts
• Healthcare worker should be supportive
• Use of gloves for normal patient contact is not
  necessary

43
AIDS-RELATED COMPLEX (ARC)

• Has HIV but not AIDS and develops other
  conditions such as
• Chronic diarrhea
• Chronic lymphadenopathy
• Unexplained weight loss
• If life threatening opportunistic infections
  develop, then individual is said to have AIDS
• ASYMPTOMATIC INFECTION - Has HIV but no symptoms.

44
High-Risk Groups for AIDS

• EVERYONE who participates in risky behaviors.
• Transmission by
• Sex with someone who is HIV positive
• Sharing needles with infected IV drug users
• At birth from infected mother
• Cannot be spread by
• Casual contact
• Through air, feces, food, urine or water
• Coughing, sneezing, embracing, shaking hands and
  sharing eating utensils
• Prevention
• Avoid risky behaviors
• Standard precautions

45
Assignments/expectations for Monday!.

• Take 10 notes from video
• Test is on Tues., covers chapters 15 and 16
• Study with the disk in you book (at home)
• Return to your presentation/ Small groups
• each group may submit 2 questions for
  clarification!
• Write of your question on master-up front.
• Study the mult. Choice Questions!

46
Bell

• Your papers from yesterday are up front!
• Complete K Chapter 15 Page 197 in workbook
• These are your choices (you may have to use a
  medical dictionary to clarify)
• Bronchitis
• adenitis
• Anemia
• melanoma
• Some types of cancer
• Colitis
• emphysema
• thrombocytopenia

47
Bell

• List at least 6 times when hands must be washed.

48
STANDARD PRECAUTIONS

• Guidelines to be used in patient care setting
• Must be used when there is contact with blood,
  any body fluid (except sweat), mucous membranes
  and non-intact skin.
• Hand washing the single most effective way to
  prevent infection.
• Wash hands after touching body fluids, even if
  gloves are worn.
• Wash hands immediately after removing gloves,
  between patient contacts.
• Use a plain (non-antimicrobial) soap
• Wash for a minimum of 20 seconds
• Gloves worn when touching blood, body fluids,
  etc.
• Mask, eye protection, face shield and gown
  during patient care activities that may generate
  splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, etc.
• Patient care equipment and linens handle with
  care, dont let it touch your or clothing, clean
  or discard appropriately.

49
Occupational Health and Blood Bourne Pathogens

• Beware of needles!
• Never recap used needles.
• Dispose of all needles and sharp objects in
  sharps container.
• Use mouthpieces, resuscitation bags, or other
  ventilation devices as alternative to
  mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
• A patient who contaminates the environment should
  be in a private room or relatively isolated area.

50
CBS Sunday Morning Video clip

• http//www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id7053834n

51

• Turn in your Essay, now. Up front!
• BellWorkbook (from packet) f,g,h.
• Workbook 208 K

52
Bell

• 4 of you that were out/left early Thursdaybring
  your work up NOW!
• Text 327( chapter 15) Case studyanswer even
  only!
• Write your first and last name on your
  packetbring it up!