Chapter 4: Gender Development, Gender Roles, and Gender Identity

1
Chapter 4 Gender Development, Gender Roles, and
Gender Identity
2
Chapter 4 Outline

• Prenatal Development X and Y Make the Difference
• Sexual Differentiation in the Womb
• Atypical Sexual Differentiation Not Always Just
  X and Y
• Gender Roles and Gender Traits
• Girls Act Like Girls, Boys Act Like Boys
• Are Gender Roles Innate?
• Studying Gender

3
Chapter 4 Outline (Cont.)

• Gender Role Theory
• Evolutionary Theory Adapting to Our Environment
• Social Learning Theory Learning from Our
  Environment
• Cognitive Development Theory Age-State Learning
• Gender Schema Theory Our Cultural Maps

4
Chapter 4 Outline (Cont.)

• Varieties of Gender
• Masculinity The Hunter
• Femininity The Nurturer
• Androgyny Feminine and Masculine
• Transgenderism Living as the Other Sex
• Transsexualism When Gender and Biology Dont
  Agree
• Third Genders Other Cultures, Other Options
• Asexualism The Genetics but Not the Sex

5
Chapter 4 Outline (Cont.)

• Gender Role Socialization from Infancy through
  Old Age
• Childhood Learning by Playing
• Adolescence Practice Being Female or Male
• Adulthood Careers and Families
• The Senior Years
• Different but Not Less Than

6
Gender and Sex

• Gender refers to behavioral, psychological, and
  social characteristics of men and women
• Sex refers to the biological aspects of being
  male or female
• Both nature and nurture are important in forming
  gender
• Case study Dr. John Money and Brenda/Bruce

7
Prenatal Development X and Y Make the Difference

• Humans reproduce sexually and are made to be
  sexual beings
• Each parent supplies a gamete, each with half of
  the genetic information (23 chromosomes),
  including a sex chromosome
• Male sperm (X or Y)
• Female egg/ovum (X)

8
Prenatal Development X and Y Make the Difference
(Cont.)

• Fertilization
• Haploid egg Haploid sperm Diploid zygote
• Sex is determined at conception
• Development of female or male sexual
  characteristics, usually
• Some developmental variations

9
Sexual Differentiation in the Womb

• Gestation 9 months
• 4-6 weeks gonads begin to develop and sexual
  differentiation starts 1-2 weeks later
• Sex chromosomes control development of
• internal sex organs
• external sex organs
• the embryos hormonal environment
• the brains sexual differentiation

10
Internal Sex Organs

• 5th 6th week primitive gonads form
• 7th 8th week gonads become testes with Y
  chromosome and the SRY gene
• 10th-11th week gonads become ovaries with
  absence of Y chromosome and SRY gene, and
  possibly the presence of ovarian hormones
• Default setting is female

11
Internal Sex Organs (Cont.)

• 10th-11th week primitive duct systems appear
• Müllerian duct (female)
• Wolffian duct (male)
• Their further development is hormonally
  controlled by the gonads

12
Internal Sex Organs (Cont.)

• Female embryos
• Lack male hormones and Wolffian duct degenerates
• Müllerian duct forms uterus, inner third of
  vagina
• Male embryos
• Müllerian inhibiting factor regresses the
  Müllerian duct
• Testosterone stimulates the Wolffian duct

13

• Figure 4.1 Development of the male and female
  internal reproductive systems from the
  undifferentiated stage. We discuss these specific
  structures more in Chapters 5 and 6.

14
External Sex Organs

• Homologous organs developed from the same
  prenatal tissue
• 8th week tubercle differentiates
• Female female hormones from mother and placenta
  promote development into female external
  genitalia
• Male androgen secreted by the testes stimulate
  development into male external genitalia

15
(No Transcript)
16

• Figure 4.2 Development of the male and female
  external genitalia from the undifferentiated
  genital tubercle.

17
Hormonal Development and Influences

• Ovaries produce
• Estrogen female sexual characteristics
• Progesterone menstrual cycle and pregnancy
• Testes produce
• Androgens development of male-typical
  characteristics

18
(No Transcript)
19
Brain Differentiation

• Hormones affect the development of the brain
• The brain regulates secretion of hormones

20
Atypical Sexual Differentiation Not Always Just
X and Y

• Atypical sexual differentiation can occur with
  irregularities in
• Sex chromosomes
• Sex hormones
• Maternal hormone exposure

21
Sex Chromosome Disorders

• Over 70 sex chromosome abnormalities
• Extra or missing sex chromosomes
• 3 most common
• Klinefelters syndrome
• Turners syndrome
• XYY/XXX

22
Klinefelters Syndrome

• XXY egg contained an extra X
• 1/700 live male births
• Develops male genitalia, but not fully
• Tall, feminized body
• Low testosterone levels low in sexual desires
• Gynecomastia
• Infertile
• Testosterone therapy

23
Turners Syndrome

• XO egg has no sex chromosome
• 1/2500 live female births
• Ovaries arent fully developed
• Amenorrhea
• Infertile
• Short stature
• Immature breast development
• Mental retardation
• Estrogen and progesterone therapy

24
XYY Syndrome / Triple X Syndrome

• XYY or XXX sperm contains an extra sex
  chromosome, or egg has an extra X
• May be normal male (XYY) or normal female (XXX)
• May have slight mental retardation and/or
  fertility problems

25
Hormonal Irregularities

• Hermaphrodite born with fully developed testes
  and ovaries extremely rare
• Pseudohermaphrodite external genitals appear on
  some level similar to both sexes
• Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
• Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

26
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

• XX exposed to a lot of androgen prenatally during
  sexual differentiation
• 1/10,000 to 18,000 girls
• Adrenal glands in the embryo may produce too much
  androgen, or the mother takes male hormones or a
  male hormone agonist
• Internally and genetically a female
• Corrective surgery, drugs

27
Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome

• XY the body doesnt respond to testosterone
  that is produced by the testes
• 1/20,000 boys
• No internal reproductive structure except 2
  undescended testes
• Shallow vagina
• Breasts develop
• Do not menstruate infertile
• No surgery recommended without consent

28
(No Transcript)
29
Gender Roles and Gender Traits

• Gender stereotypes greatly influence our thoughts
  and interactions
• Gender roles culturally defined behaviors,
  attitudes, emotions, traits, mannerisms,
  appearances, and occupations that are
  appropriate for females and males
• Gender traits biologically determined
  differences between males and females

30
Masculinity and Femininity

• Ideal cluster of traits that society attributes
  to each gender
• Changes with society, and varies from culture to
  culture
• Less gender role stereotyping in African
  Americans and Northern U.S.

31
Are Gender Roles Innate?

• Behaviors are complex and typically interactions
  of nature and nurture
• Cultures can vary widely in their definition of
  male and female, and transcend seeming traits
• Tchambuli
• Biological differences body size, strength,
  muscle to fat ratio, maturation, brain form and
  function, heartiness

32
Are Gender Roles Innate? (Cont.)

• Maternal instinct and surrogate mothering
• Play behavior in 3- to 6-year olds
• Gender differences are easier to publish, but
  research has begun to look at gender similarities

33
Gender Role Theory

• A variety of theorists and positions
• Evolutionary biology gender differences are due
  to adapting to our environment
• Social learning learn gender roles from society,
  our environment
• Cognitive development universal stages for
  understanding and utilizing gender

34
Gender Role Theory (Cont.)

• Gender schema cognitive structures organize
  gender, influenced by culture
• Gender hierarchy men are the standard and their
  traits are valued more by society
• Chodorows developmental psychoanalytic
  background boys separate from mom by devaluing
  females girls can love mom as a heterosexual and
  idealize fathers qualities

35
Gender Role Theory (Cont.)

• Ortners culture/nature masculinity is
  associated with culture, femininity with nature
  culture encompasses nature
• MacKinnons dominance men use gender to
  dominate it is not a biological or social issue

36
Varieties of Gender

• Sex typing thought processes that split the
  world into female and male categories
• Greatly influences our thoughts and behaviors
• Masculinity and femininity are independent traits

37
Masculinity The Hunter

• Rights of passage in many societies
• Contradictions in the male role
• Provide, but dont solely focus on career
• Be sexually successful, but not degrading to
  women
• Be strong and stable, but be emotionally
  available
• Do not be dependent on a woman
• Men have a less flexible role than women

38
Femininity The Nurturer

• Typically viewed as the opposite of masculinity
• Characterized by beauty, empathy, concern,
  softness, modesty
• Contradictions in the female role
• Job fulfillment, but stay at home with kids
• Not just for looks, but use makeup/be thin
• Opportunities are available, on mens terms

39
Androgyny Feminine and Masculine

• Rate high in femininity and masculinity
• Flexibility in behaviors
• This concept may be reinforcing gender roles

40
Transgenderism Living as the Other Sex

• 10-15 of the population
• Live the other genders role, full/part-time
• Happy as their biological sex, but psychosocially
  pleasured dressing as the other sex
• Relaxing and peaceful to cross-dress
• Billy Tipton

41

• Billy Tipton was a well-known jazz musician who
  was discovered to be a female when he died in
  1989.

42
Transsexualism When Gender and Biology Dont
Agree

• Feel their gender identity does not match their
  biological sex (Gender Dysphoria)
• Trapped in the wrong body
• More males than females experience this
• Sex reassignment surgery involves a long process
  psychological counseling, live as the other sex,
  hormones, multiple surgeries
• M2F realistic results, orgasm
• F2M experimental stages

43
(No Transcript)
44
Gender Identity Disorder Jessica
45
Third Genders Other Cultures, Other Options

• Some cultures have a third gender category
• Native American berdache
• Oman xan ýth
• Indian hijra
• Thai kathoey
• Hawaiian aikane
• Tahitian mahu

46
Asexualism The Genetics but Not the Sex

• Born without any sexual organs (no biological
  gender)
• Has a genetic gender (XX or XY)
• Typically assigned gender as a child and given
  hormones

47
Gender Role Socialization From Babyhood Through
Old Age

• Childhood
• Adolescence
• Adulthood
• Senior Years

48
Childhood Learning by Playing

• Children are greatly defined by their gender
• Name, clothing, decorations, toys
• Treatment by parents, teachers, others
• Model behavior of same gender individuals
• Rewarded for stereotypical behavior, punished for
  nonstereotypical behavior (especially boys)
• Homosocial play beginning 2½ to 3 years old

49
Perceiving Gender Roles Ages 0-2
50
Perceiving Gender Roles Ages 2-5
51
Adolescence Practice Being Female or Male

• Trying roles to determine what it is to be a man
  or woman
• Difficult time for transgendered, homosexual,
  bisexual youth

52
Perceiving Gender Roles Ages 5-11
53
Adulthood Careers and Families

• Breadwinner is a prized part of being male
• Women pursue careers out of desire and necessity,
  yet hold primary responsibility for home life
  more than men with the same occupation

54
Women and Family Life

• Primary satisfaction/identity should be as wife
  and mother
• Modern thought also insists on a career outside
  of the home
• Often feel guilt for not adequately meeting both
  demands

55
Which Is the Real Me? One Woman With Many Hats
56
Men and Family Life

• Fathers spend less time with their infants than
  mothers
• Stay-at-home dads are becoming more common, but
  social pressure suggests they should be in the
  work force and labels them as unemployed

57
The Senior Years

• Female with typical wife/mother role may
  experience empty nest syndrome
• Adjustment required at retirement if a large part
  of identity was related to work
• More relaxed gender roles

58
Different, But Not Less Than Toward Gender
Equality

• Society has the ability to alter the gender roles
  to be less judging and rigid