A HIGH RESOLUTION SPATIALLY EXPLICIT CONTINENTAL SCALE MULTIMEDIA MODEL OF FATE AND TRANSPORT OF CHEMICALS

1
A HIGH RESOLUTION SPATIALLY EXPLICIT CONTINENTAL
SCALE MULTIMEDIA MODEL OF FATE AND TRANSPORT OF
CHEMICALS    

• A.Pistocchi
• D.Pennington

2
Novel Methods for Integrated Risk Assessment of
Cumulative Stressors in Europe FP6 In the
context of EC Environment and Health Strategy
http//nomiracle.jrc.it
3
NoMiracle Project Commitment of DG-JRC for model
development

• a novel multimedia fate and exposure model with
  regionalised spatial resolutions at the European
  level
• focus on improvements to the soil module by using
  spatial data from the European Soils Database
• various resolutions
• account for different temperate zones and
  periods.

4
FATE MAPPE

• FATE is an initiative aimed at providing
  cross-cutting insights into the FAte of
  Chemicals in Terrestrial and coastal ecosystems
  in Europe, developed at the RWER Unit of EC- DG
  JRC, Institute for Environment and Sustainability
• The acronym MAPPE stands for Multimedia
  Assessment of Pollutant Pathways in Europe, and
  is the Italian word to denote maps
• A GIS-based strategy for screening level modeling
  of the fate and transport of chemicals over large
  regions

5
Coupling of environmental media
Atmosphere Contaminant Budget Advection Removal

sources
sources
Soil water budget Erosion
Volatilization
Gas AbsDeposition
Soil contaminant budget
Stream network lakes Routing Removal
advection
Stream network lakes loading
Oceans
sources
Presentation at SETAC Europe 2005 - Lille
6
FATE MAPPE

• The model accounts for the partitioning of
  chemicals between phases, degradation, advection
  through the different environmental media (soil,
  inland water bodies, oceans, and the atmosphere)
  and exchanges between media due to atmospheric
  deposition, volatilization and the contribution
  of soil washoff to water discharges.

7
FATE MAPPE

• The model is built in a geographic information
  system (GIS) shell to manage data and to perform
  simplified modeling through map-algebraic and
  context analysis operators, such as local
  drainage delineation, weighted distance and zonal
  aggregation.

8
FATE MAPPE

• This provides a spatially resolved multimedia
  model suitable for the detailed simulation of
  chemical concentrations from point and diffuse
  sources of emissions for Europe.
• an efficient tool to compute concentrations from
  emissions over large domains
• simplified conceptualization with limitations
  (e.g. site-specific exposures to local sources).

9
FATE MAPPE

• Spatial resolution is currently 1 km. The model
  provides time dependent insights according
  generally to monthly climatology. Landscape and
  climate parameters required to perform
  calculations are included as maps for model
  application. Among distributed landscape and
  climate parameters, inland water retention times,
  atmospheric advection and deposition terms, soil
  properties and ocean circulation have been
  defined based on specific analyses.

10
Algorithms

• Thanks to source receptor relations in space and
  time, atmospheric modeling is performed through
  map-overlaying of standard plumes generated
  within the ADEPT model (Roemer et al., 2005)
• Soil 1D approach
• Water-column processes in oceans 1D approach
• Input to oceans from the river network
  penetration depth approach (exponential decay
  following a weighted distance from the coast, no
  directional modeling of plumes calculations at
  the level of ocean compartments individuated on
  the basis of hydrodynamic patterns

11
Emissions and receptors

• Emissions data that can be associated with
• e.g. agro-chemical use,
• population distribution,
• emission inventories such as the EEAs EPER.
• Spatially resolved insights of ecosystem and
  human exposure at a pan-European scale.

12
Example 1 1,2-Dichloroethane

• Example fact sheet http//www.epa.gov/OGWDW/dwh/t
  -voc/12-dichl.html
• Assumptions
• Half life in air 1 month
• Half life in water 10 hrs, mainly due to
  volatilization
• Degradation is negligible in water
• Main multimedia mechanisms volatilization,
  advection

13
Emissions to water (EPER points)
14
The WATER_GIS model (Pistocchi et al., 2004)
computes concentrations along the stream network
and lakes volatilization is included as a
mechanism of removal from water and loading to
air.
15
The results are spatially resolved to the detail
of 1 km along the stream network
16
The MAPPE_ADEPT model computes concentration in
the atmosphere depending on volatilization from
surface waters.
17
Example 2 - PCBs

• Degradation rates
• Kair-water 0.0153
• Kow 2.E6
• MW 292
• Emissions
• EMEP data

18
Koverall, atmo., hr-1(excluding degradation)
19
(No Transcript)
20
(No Transcript)
21
(No Transcript)
22
removal rates from the atmosphere, hr-1
?
23
Ksoil, hr-1
24
Kerosion, hr-1
25
Kvolat., hr-1
26
Soil concentration
27
The soil rates
?
28
Deposition to ocean, g/km2/yr
29
removal rates from the ocean, hr-1 july
30
Comparison with MSCE-POP
31
Ocean concentration
32
Comparison with MSCE-POP highlights that

• Gas phase exchange plays a relevant role and
  should be better parameterised for soil-air
  interface
• Orders of magnitude are correct apart from the
  soil compartment
• this is a common problem seen in many model
  comparison exercises
• Patterns in ocean concentration are wrong
• Importance of removal rate patterns over
  emissions

33
Concentration to (potential) risk is a trivial
GIS overlay operation
Example air C pop. density
34
Forthcoming Applications

• Generic fate and transport modeling of widely
  dispersed chemicals such as
• Pharmaceuticals and biocides (following pop.
  Density)
• Pesticides (following agriculture)
• To obtain Indicators of Chemical Density of
  Europe
• large-scale average trends
• hot spots

35
Conclusions

• A screening-level tool that compares reasonably
  with detailed, distributed model MSCE-POP, and
  supports more detailed assessment (1km grid,
  freshwater)
• Suitable for soft-computational applications
  (concept of chemical density from given
  pressure factors)
• Needs tuning with experimental evidence
  suitable for dialoguing btw. lab- and math-people

36
Info

• Info and this presentation on our web sites
• dr Alberto Pistocchi European CommissionJoint
  Research Centre,Institute for Environment and
  Sustainability (IES)Rural, Water and Ecosystem
  Resources (RWER) UnitVia E. Fermi 1, TP
  460I-21020 Ispra (VA), Italy Tel. 39 0332
  785591e-mail alberto.pistocchi_at_jrc.ithttp//ensu
  re.jrc.it/http//nomiracle.jrc.it