Supercourse, International Editorial Board

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• Supercourse, International Editorial Board

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Reference Wikipedia
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1898? ?????????????????????????????? ????????
?????????????(??????)?????????????????????????????
?????
Pierre Curie
Marie Curie, Sklodowska
Reference Wikipedia
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1917?  ?????????Ernest Rutherford ??
????????????? 1932?? John Cockcroft  ?Ernest
Walton????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????
 Ernest Rutherford
Reference Wikipedia
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1932??James Chadwick ????????
1934??????Enrico Fermi????????????????????????????
??????? 1938??????????Otto Hahn ?Fritz
Strassmann??????????????Lise Meitner ?????Otto
Robert Frisch???????????????????????????????
Reference Wikipedia
6

• ??????
• ???
• ??????Alpha particles
• ?????Beta particulate
• ?????
• ????Radio waves
• ?????Microwaves
• ???Ultraviolet light
• ????Gamma radiation
• X?X-radiation

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There are many alpha emitting radioactive
elements, both natural and manmade. You can find
fact sheets for several key alpha emitters at the
Radionuclides page
??????(??a )?? ???????????????????????????????????
2?????2?????????4????????
Alpha Emitter Atomic Number
americium-241 95
plutonium-236 94
uranium-238 92
thorium-232 90
radium-226 88
radon-222 86
polonium-210 84
8
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• ????????
• ?????
• ????60
• ???????90
• ??????99
• ???-129
• ???-131
• ????-137

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9
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???????????????????????????????????????? ?????????
???(?????)????????????

• ???????????????????????????????????????????3?????
• cobalt-60, 
• cesium-137,
• technetium-99 m.

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?????????
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???? (mrem/year)
???? (mrem/year)
????
??? (??????????????)
?? (???????X?)
???
??????????????
??
?????
??????? (???????)
11
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???????????? 1942?12?2????????Chicago
Pile-1 ?????????????????????? Hanford
Site?????????????????????????????????????????????
??
12
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????????????
13
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???????????1951?12?20???????Arco???????EBR-1
?????100kw????????(???Arco????1955????????????????
?)
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?????????????1954????????????????????5 Mwe????????
????????????????? Photo Ilya Varlamov
AM-1????2002????  Photo Alexander Belenky /
BFM.ru
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??????????????????????????2009?????????????15????
???????????????????150???????????
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????????????????? (PBMR)????????
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??????? 1939-1955
???????(Yuli Khariton) ????????????????
??????????????????????????????????1940???????????
???????????????????????????????-
16(?????????????)?????1946?4???????????????????
?45???????
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??(?????????????)???????????(?????)?????????????
?(???????)NATO????????????????????
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?? IEA
35
2015-2030 ????????? ??????
???????3 2 ?????(??????)??????9 3
?????(??????????????)??10 3
?????(??????????????????)????1 5
?????(??????????????????????????)??????3 1
?????(???????)?????????????0 4
?????(???????????????????????)??3 3
?????(??????????????)
?? IAEA
36
???????????

???238 86.7
?? 8.7
???235 0.4
?? 3.4
?? 0.8
37
????????? KWh/cap (2007)
????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???
?? IEA
38
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????????????
???????????? (1957)
??????????1???????????????? ?????????????????????
????????????
40
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1979??????????????????
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1986?4?26?
??????? 4?? (??). ????? (???). 3?? (???)
??????,????? ???? Jason Minshull
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???????15????????
 
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