History of Psychology: Aristotle, before 30 BC

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History of Psychology Aristotle, before 30 BC

• Greek naturalist and philosopher who theorized
  about learning, memory, motivation, emotion,
  perception, and personality.

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René Descartes 1596-1650

• Originated the concept of Dualism,
  viewed mind and body as
  interactive machines.
• Stated that the mind could follow body and vice
  versa.
• Proposed the idea of both voluntary and
  involuntary behavior.
• Ruled out areas other than the brain
  for mental functioning.

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John Locke 1632-1704

• Knowledge should be acquired by careful
  observation.
• No innate ideas all knowledge comes from
  experience or reflection.
• Mind is a blank slate written on by experience
  (tabula rasa).

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Charles Darwin 1850s

• Studied the evolution of finches
  and expands his study to include humans.
• Opposed religious teachings of the time by
  suggesting that man was a common ancestor to
  lower species.

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Birth of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt Father of
Psychology

• 1879 Leipzig, Germany.
• Intended to make psychology a reputable
  science.
• Many American psychologists eventually went on
  to study in Leipzeig.

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Wilhelm Wundt Father
of Psychology

• Most of his experiments on
  sensation and perception.
• Did not think that high order mental processes
  could be studied experimentally.
• Trained in medicine and philosophy.
• Wrote many books about psychology, philosophy,
  ethics, and logic.

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Can you read this?

• This is bcuseae the huammn mnid deos not raed
  ervey lteter by istlef, but the word as a wlohe.
  Amzanig, huh?

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Introspection

• Looking inward at ones own mental processes.
• Because it is not objective, it fails miserably.

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E.B. Titchener

• Wundts student.
• Taught at Cornell University. Studied nature of
  mental experiences.
• Structuralism Analyze sensations, images and
  feelings into their most basic elements.

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William James 1842-1910

• Claimed that searching for building
  blocks was a waste of time because
  brain and mind are constantly changing focused
  on function.
• Functionalism. Underlying causes and practical
  consequences of certain behaviors and mental
  strategies Stream of Consciousness.
• Expanded psychology to animal behavior.

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Herman Ebbinghaus 1885

• Published classic studies on memory,
  nonsense syllables, learning curve.

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American Psychological Association (APA)

• Founded in 1892 the governing
  body of all research not conducted by
  universities.

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Eclecticism

• Utilizing of diverse theories and schools of
  thought.
• Mosaic, no single approach can create the whole
  picture.
• Unlikely for psychology to ever have a unifying
  paradigm.
• Grand theories replaced by more specific ones.

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Fields in Psychology

• Group activity

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Schools of Pscyhology
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• song

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The Gestalt School

• Based on the idea that perceptions are more than
  the sums of their parts
• Instead of parts, they are wholes that give
  shape, or meaning, to the parts.
• Ex the previous song

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Psychological Perspectives Today
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Behavioralism

• Behavioral Perspective
• Focus on the influence of environment on
  behavior.
• All behavior is observable and measurable.

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Behaviorism

• Ivan Pavlov, 1849-1936.
• Russian experimenter who showed
  automatic/involuntary behavior in learned
  responses to specific stimuli in the
  environment.
• Created Classical Conditioning.

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Behaviorism

• John Watson, 1913.
• Psychology can never be as objective as
  chemistry or biology. Consciousness is not
  that easy.
• I can take a child and make him into anything,
  a beggar, a doctor, a thief.

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Behaviorism

• B.F. Skinner, 1950s.
• Dismissed importance of inherited traits and
  instincts about human behavior. Private events
  can be studied as long as they are treated as a
  form of behavior, many experiments with learning
  and memory.
• Believed that all behavior is a result of
  rewards and punishments in the past.

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Behavioristic Theory

• Social Learning Theory How people acquire new
  behaviors by observing and imitating others
  (modeling).
• Criticisms Excluded all behavior that cannot
  be seen. All behavior cannot be explained by
  rewards and punishments. Treats people like
  robots as if they have no free-will.

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Focus on how unconscious motives influences
  behavior.
• All behavior is meaningful, and much of it is
  controlled by digging below the surface to
  uncover the roots of personality.
• Sigmund Freud!!! (Da MAN!)

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Sigmund Freud, 1856-1939.
• Studied neurology, but wanted to
  be a medical researcher, forced
  into being a private physician.
• Became convinced that patients difficulties were
  due to mental rather than physical problems.
• Proposed that distress due to problems that
  dated back to childhood.

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Siggy Freud

• Psychoanalysis Freuds method for treating
  people with emotional problems, free
  association.
• Unconscious Nearly all of our impulses are
  sexual and aggressive in nature. Because we
  cannot accept them in our conscious, thoughts
  find their expression in dreams, slips of the
  tongue that appear as accidents, and even jokes.

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Aggressive energy Basic human instinct lodged
  in unconscious the duty of society is to get
  people to channel their aggressive energy into
  productive activity. If not, aggression is
  released and violent activities occur.

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Hidden Desires Freud stated that people are
  cesspools of hidden desires.
• Unresolved Conflicts If these occur in
  childhood, this will cause fixations in later
  life. (Stages)

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Freuds Stages Oral (Birth - 1 yr.),
  anal (1 yr.), phallic (4 yrs. -
  separates males/females), latency (Puberty),
  genital (adult)
• 3 Personalities Id, Ego, Superego
• Id Wants/Desires, Basic primal instincts.
  Pleasure Principle
• Ego Reality Principle
• Superego Conscious mind. Do the right thing.

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Psychoanalytic Theory Criticisms

• Does not focus on observable behavior, negative
  viewpoint of mankind because actions are
  provoked by unconscious thoughts, cannot be
  scientifically proven or disproven.
• Ignores political and social explanations of
  peoples problems.
• Currently focuses on perceptions, memories, and
  thinking in our unconscious (Psychodynamic
  theory).

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Humanistic Theory

• 1950s-60s Emphasize free-will, people not
  completely ruled by environment or past
  experience, able to control ones own choices and
  destinies to achieve full human potential.

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Humanistic Theory

• Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
  Peoples struggle is to be
  the best they possibly can, known
  as self-actualization.
• Carl Rogers Former minister believed
  all people strive for perfection some
  interrupted by a bad environment.

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Humanistic Theory

• Human Potential Everyone striving to reach
  their highest potential.
• Criticisms Believes all people are good and
  that people have the ability to heal themselves.
  Too vague, more of a philosophy for life than
  a psychology.

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Biopsychological (Neurobiological)

• Focuses on the influence of biology on behavior
• Seeks to understand the nervous system. All
  actions, feelings associated with the nervous
  system.
• Wilhelm Wundt Expected psychology to rest
  almost solely on Anatomy and Biology. Interested
  in how bodily events interact with events in the
  external environment to produce perceptions,
  memory and behavior. Roger Sperry won
  Nobel-Prize for his Split-Brain research.

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Biopsychological (Neurobiological)

• Nervous System Responsible for our behavior
  Specifically abnormal and immediate responses.
• Anatomy/Biology Solely responsible for human
  behavior.
• Criticisms Ignores mental processes. Explains
  too little of human behavior, rejects
  environmental influences.

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Cognitive Theory

• Thinking Focuses on how mental thoughts affect
  behavior.
• Studies how we attend, perceive, think, remember,
  solve problems and arrive at beliefs.
• Know whats going on in peoples heads first,
  then applies it to their behavior.
• Jean Piaget studies childrens
  cognitive development.

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Cognitive Theory

• Thought Processes Can infer mental processes
  from observable behavior.
• Remember Gestalt Psychology means pattern or
  whole. Studies how people interpret sensory
  information in order to acquire knowledge.
• The whole is larger than the sum of its parts

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Cognitive Theory Criticisms

• Downplays emotion, too mentalistic, hard to
  decide between competing cognitive explanations.
  
• Strong approach today.

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Sociocultural Psychology

• Examines how cultural and political (religious)
  experience effect our everyday life.
• Gender influences of behavior.
• Job opportunities to influence peoples goals and
  ambitions.

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Sociocultural Psychology

• It is NOT intrapsychic Within the mind or self.
• Cultural Values/Political Systems How norms and
  social influences affect behavior.

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Sociocultural Psychology

• Ambition/Goals/Values Environments influence on
  ones long-term ambitions.
• Criticisms Underestimated personal and
  overestimated social influences on our behavior.
  Makes broad generalizations about ethnic groups
  and cultures.

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Jobs in Psychology
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Clinical Psychologists

• Help people with psychological problems, such as
  anxiety, depression, or severe psychological
  disorders
• Clinical psychologist help their clients overcome
  problems and adjust to the demands of life.
• They also help people with problems in their
  relationships, addictions, or weight control.

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Clinical Psychologists continued.

• Clinical psychologists are trained to evaluate
  psychological problems through use of interviews
  and psychological tests
• Then they help clients understand and resolve
  their problems by changing ineffective or harmful
  behaviors.

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Psychiatrists

• A psychiatrist is a MEDICAL DOCTOR.
• They specialize in treatment of psychological
  problems and can PRESCRIBE MEDICATION

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Counseling Psychologists

• Typically treat people with adjustment problems
  rather than those with serious psychological
  disorders
• Ex
• Struggling making a decision about ones career
• Having difficulty making friends
• Having conflicts with family members, teachers,
  employers, etc
• Dealing with parents divorce
• Counseling psychologists help people identify
  their goals, overcome adjustment problems, and
  meet challenges

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School Psychologists

• School psychologists help identify and help
  students with problems by talking with teachers,
  parents, and the student themselves.
• They may also administer tests such as
  intelligence tests and achievement tests.
• School psychologists help identify and assist
  students with special needs, learning
  difficulties or disorders, and students who may
  be academically gifted.
• In many school districts school psychologists
  help place students in certain classes to help
  them be successful

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Education Psychologists

• They are concerned with helping students learn,
  but focus more on planning and instructional
  methods for an entire system
• They are concerned with theoretical issues that
  relate to how we measure student abilities,
  learning, and development
• They help decide which tests are most effective
  in determining student success.
• They also help consider how certain items on
  tests or certain instructional methods in the
  classroom account for student differences and
  promote their success.

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Developmental Psychologists

• Study the changes that occur throughout a
  persons lifespan
• Include
• Physical changes
• emotional changes
• Cognitive changes
• social changes
• They also look at how heredity (genes) and the
  environment influence a persons development

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Personality Psychologists

• Identify characteristics or traits
• Looks for different traits people have and then
  study these traits
• They share this information with clinical
  psychologists who are interested in the origins
  of certain psychological disorders

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Social Psychologists

• Concerned with peoples behavior in social
  situations
• Look at how men and women act in same settings/
  different settings
• What attracts people to one another
• Why people tend to conform to groups standards
  and expectations
• How people change in groups
• What effects prejudice
• Why people act aggressive or why people help
  others in certain situations

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Experimental Psychologists

• Conduct research into basic human processes such
  as the nervous system
• Engage in basic research
• Has no immediate application, but is done for its
  own sake
• Their findings are often put into practice by
  other psychological specialists.

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Industrial Psychologists

• Focus on people and work
• Improve working conditions
• Job satisfaction
• Help people who have problems on the job

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Environmental Psychologists

• Focus on the way in which people influence and
  are influenced by their environment.

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Consumer Psychologists

• Study behaviors of shoppers to explain and
  predict their behavior

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Forensic Psychologists

• Work within the criminal justice system
• Can testify about the psychological competence of
  a defendant
• They may be called to explain how psychological
  problems can give rise to certain criminal
  behaviors
• Help select police officers
• Train police officers in handling dangerous
  situations such as suicide threats, hostage
  crises, and family violence

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Health Psychologists

• May study the effects of stress on health
  problems such as headaches and heat disease
• Try to explain why some people follow doctors
  advice and some disregard it
• Help people adopt helpful lifestyle changes such
  as exercising