INAR 122 HUMAN FACTORS

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INAR 122HUMAN FACTORS

• UNIVERSAL DESIGN

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UNIVERSAL DESIGN

• The design of products and environments to be
  usable by all people, to the greatest extent
  possible, without the need for adaptation or
  specialized design.

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Other Names of Universal Design
DESIGN-FOR-ALL
INCLUSIVE DESIGN
LIFESPAN DESIGN
HUMAN-CENTERED DESIGN
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Universal Design intends to

• Simplify life for everyone,
• by making products, communications, and the built
  
• environment more usable by as many people as
• possible at little or no extra cost.
• Universal design
• benefits people of all
• ages and abilities.

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The aim of Universal Design

• is to extend standard design principles to
• include people of all ages and abilities
• BUT
• remain at the level of generality THUS it
• does not address all the specific needs of
• any particular disability.

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1950s

• The UD concept was born with a new
• intention to design for people with disabilities.
  
• In Europe, Japan, and the United States,
• barrier-free design developed to remove
• obstacles in the built environment for people
• with physical disabilities .

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1970s

• In the US, the disability rights movement taking
• shape in the mid-70s built upon the vision of
• civil rights articulated in the 1964 Civil Rights
• Act for racial minorities. So parts of Europe and
• US were beginning to move beyond the
• emphasis on special solutions tailored to
• individuals and toward idea of normalization
• and integration. Increasingly, the terminology of
• choice was Accessible Design.

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1990

• The US, led by the disability community,
• established the most expansive legal
• requirements with the passage of The
• Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).
• It substantially expanded the scope of
• responsible parties to include both public and
• private entities regardless of whether they
• received federal funds.

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1998

• The U.S. Congress affirmed the significance of
  the design of Communication and Information
  Technology as a means to equality and opportunity
  for people with disabilities.

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Design Process

• The designer makes use
• of anthropometric guidelines at
• the beginning of the design
• process, including information
• regarding the
• needs of people with various
• types of disabilities and people
• at the different stages
• of life. Similarly, the designer continues to
  analyze
• environmental accessibility in order to better
  meet the
• needs of the general public, who also provide
  input
• about their experiences to the designer.

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Types of Disabilities

• A designer should know the disabilities very
• well to make a design that completely satisfies
  the
• users.
• There are four types of disabilities
• Mobility Disabilities
• Dexterity Disabilities
• Sensory Disabilities
• Cognitive Disabilities

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Mobility Disabilities

• This category includes the people who need
  walking
• aids.
• There are two types wheelchair users and with
  other
• mobility impairments like arthritis and
  rheumatism,
• diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, or
• temporary problem such as surgery, a broken leg
  or
• pregnancy.

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Dexterity Disabilities

• Certain motor difficulties may present dexterity
  problems
• like arthritis, complete or partial paralysis and
  reduced
• strength and agility.

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Sensory Disabilities

• A sensory disability is blindness, deafness, or a
  severe
• vision or hearing impairment.

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Cognitive Disabilities

• A person with a cognitive disability has greater
• difficulty with one or more types of mental tasks
  
• than the "average" person. Examples are Learning
  
• Disabilities like Dyslexia, Attention Deficit
  Hyperactivity
• Disorder (ADHD), Brain Injury, Genetic Diseases
  like
• Down's syndrome, autism, and dementia.

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There are many reasons, both practical and
economic, for creating a world we can all use.

• People who could benefit from Universal Designs
  include those both with and without disabilities.
  In some cases, people may experience difficulty
  in using products purely as a result of the
  environment or an unusual circumstance.
• Beneficiaries of universal design include
• People in a noisy shopping mall who cannot hear a
  kiosk
• People who are driving their car who must operate
  their radio or phone without looking at it
• People who have left their glasses in their room
• People who are getting older
• People with disabilities
• Almost anyone

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• In order to design for the general population, it
  is important to understand the diversity,
  problems, tools, and abilities of the
  populations members.

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The Seven Principles of Universal Design

• The Principles of Universal Design and their
  guidelines were developed by a working group of
  architects, product designers, engineers, and
  environmental design researchers as part of a
  project coordinated by the Center for Universal
  Design at North Carolina State University. The
  Seven Principles describe characteristics that
  make designs universally usable.

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• The design is useful and marketable to people
• with diverse abilities.
• GUIDELINES
• Provide the same means of
• use for all users identical
• whenever possible
• equivalent when not.
• Avoid segregating or
• stigmatizing any users.
• Provisions for privacy,
• security, and safety should
• be equally available to all users.
• Make the design appealing to all users.

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• The design accommodates a wide range of
  individual
• preferences and abilities.

GUIDELINES Provide choice in methods of use. Accommodate right- or left-handed access and use. Facilitate the user's accuracy and precision. Provide adaptability to the user's pace.
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• Use of the design is easy to understand,
  regardless of the user's experience, knowledge,
  language skills, or current concentration level.

GUIDELINES Eliminate unnecessary complexity. Be consistent with user expectations and intuition. Accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills. Arrange information consistent with its importance. Provide effective prompting and feedback during and after task completion.
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The design communicates necessary information
effectively to the user, regardless of ambient
conditions or the user's sensory abilities.
GUIDELINES Use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) for redundant presentation of essential information. Provide adequate contrast between essential information and its surroundings. Maximize "legibility" of essential information. Differentiate elements in ways that can be described (i.e., make it easy to give instructions or directions). Provide compatibility with a variety of techniques or devices used by people with sensory limitations.
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A blind user can also understand where s/he is
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The design minimizes hazards and the adverse
consequences of accidental or unintended actions.
GUIDELINES Arrange elements to minimize hazards and errors most used elements, most accessible hazardous elements eliminated, isolated, or shielded. Provide warnings of hazards and errors. Provide fail safe features. Discourage unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance.
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The design can be used efficiently and
comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue.
GUIDELINES Allow user to maintain a neutral body position. Use reasonable operating forces. Minimize repetitive actions. Minimize sustained physical effort
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Appropriate size and space is provided for
approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless
of user's body size, posture, or mobility.
GUIDELINES Provide a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user. Make reach to all components comfortable for any seated or standing user. Accommodate variations in hand and grip size. Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices or personal assistance.
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Design Standards

• In October 2003, representatives from China,
  Japan,
• and South Korea met in Beijing and agreed to set
  up a
• committee to define common design standards for a
  
• wide range of products and services that are easy
  to
• understand and use.
• Their goal was to publish a standard in 2004
  which
• covers, among other areas, standards on
  containers
• and wrappings of household goods (based on a
• proposal from experts in Japan), and
  standardization of
• signs for public facilities, a subject of
  particular interest
• to China as it prepares to host the 2008 Summer
• Olympics.

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In order to facilitate product designers' efforts
to make their products more accessible, some
guidelines have been compiled.

• The purpose of these guidelines is
• 1) to point out problems encountered by people
  with various disabilities in using standard
  consumer products, and
• 2) to propose design alternatives which will
  result in increased usability of standard
  products by people with disabilities.

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KITCHENS
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KITCHENS
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BATHROOM
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BATHROOMS
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What is Accessible Design?

• "Accessible Design" is the term used for the
  process of extending mass market product design
  to include people who, because of personal
  characteristics or environmental conditions, find
  themselves on the low end of some dimension of
  performance (e.g., seeing, hearing, reaching,
  manipulating).
• Accessible Design is not (or should not be)
  separate from standard mass market design. Rather
  it is an extension or elaboration of general
  design principles to cover a wider range of human
  abilities/limitations than has traditionally been
  included in product design.

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Accessible Design is a subset of Universal Design.

• Where Universal Design covers the design of
  products for all people and encompasses all
  design principles, Accessible Design focuses on
  principles that extend the standard design
  process to those people with some type of
  performance limitation (the lower ability tail of
  Universal Design).
• Accessible Design is a balancing act.
• We must acknowledge that it is not possible to
  design everything so that it can be used by
  everyone. There will always be someone with a
  combination of severe physical, sensory and
  cognitive impairments who will not be able to use
  it. This makes it necessary to look toward a
  combination of approaches for meeting the needs
  of people with disabilities, ranging from the
  incorporation of features into products that will
  make them directly usable by more people with
  disabilities to the inclusion of features that
  make them easier to modify for accessibility.

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Physically Disabled and Elderly People

• Types of aids for these kinds of people
• Wheel chairs
• Crutches or walkers
• Blind Canes
• Hearing aids for deaf people

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WHEELCHAIRS

• The wheel chair is the extension of the body of
  the person who depends on it for mobility.
• The space he needs should be treated with
  respect.
• A barrier-free environment would help to calm
  down the fear of falling out of the wheel chair.

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WHEELCHAIRS
BACK HEIGHT 90 CM
ELBOW HEIGHT 73 CM
SITTING HEIGHT 48-50 CM
WIDTH 66 CM
We need at least 1.50m to turn with a wheelchair
110-120 CM
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CRUTCHES

• People who use braces or artificial limbs have
  some difficulties while traversing stairs or
  passing through heavy doors.
• A critical concern for these people is
  maintaining balance over an uneven walking
  surface.

24cm
76-101cm
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WALKERS

• The clearance required by a user employing the
  aid of a walker is more easily defined.

86cm
71cm
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BLIND CANES

• The ability to travel from place to place safely
  and efficiently is one of the most important
  skills a blind person can learn.  Many visually
  impaired people use a long cane, known as a blind
  cane or blind man's cane, to get around
  independently. 
• These canes are used to clear a path in front of
  the user.

140 160 cm
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81 cm
177 cm
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ELDERLY PEOPLE

• Older people of both sexes tend to be shorter
  than younger people.
• Reach measurements of old people are shorter than
  those of young people.
• There is also variability in the degree to which
  the reach of elderly people is impaired due to
  arthritis and other joint movement limitations.

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RAMPS

• Ramps are generally rectangular shaped sloped
  planes that connect horizontal surfaces with
  different heights.
• If possible, a ramps slope should not exceed 6.
  For wheelchairs, walkers, or prams the width
  should be at least 90 cm.
• Ramps on curbs can be up to 8.
• There should be balustrades on each side of a
  ramp.
• For a wheelchair or pram to be able to make a
  turn on it, a ramp should be 135- 150 cm wide.

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