JAPAN, CHINA, KOREA, VIETNAM, PHILIPPINES, INDIA AND AFRICA

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CONTEMPORARY ASIA AND AFRICA

• JAPAN, CHINA, KOREA, VIETNAM, PHILIPPINES, INDIA
  AND AFRICA

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POST-WAR JAPAN

• Douglas MacArthur assigned to the rebuilding of
  Japan
• Democracy established

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CHINA

• Sun Yat-sen founder of the Guomintang
  (nationalist party of China)
• Chiang Kai-shek takes over for Sun Yat-sen in
  1925, but was opposed to land reform and peasants
  flocked to his opponent
• Mao Zedong communist leader of the peasants and
  used the Long March to unite all communists
  pushed Chiang Kai-shek off the mainland to the
  island of Taiwan Mao made China communist in 1949

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Sun Yat-sen
Chiang Kai-shek
Mao Zedong
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GREAT LEAP FORWARD

• 5 Year Economic Plan established by Mao Zedong
• 1959-1963- the plan was to focus on industry and
  agriculture and the hope was to rival the United
  States
• Unfortunately, 1959 was a bad year and it is
  thought that 9 million starved that year, and by
  1963, 20 million starved

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Deng Xiaoping

• Led after Mao Zedong
• Four Modernizationsfocused on agriculture,
  industry, science and military
• allowed for some free enterprise
• led to rapid economic growth in China
• --these reforms led some people to want more
  freedoms, which led to protests like the
  Tiananmen Square Massacre

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TIANANMEN SQUARE

• Pro-democratic demonstration against the
  Communist government in China
• June 5, 1989 worst day of violence
• Total of 3,000 deaths

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KOREAN WARTHE FORGOTTEN WAR

• 1945- The U.N. split the peninsula at the 38th
  Parallel
• June 1950 Communist North Korea crossed the 38th
  Parallel into South Korea
• United States troops under the leadership of
  Douglas MacArthur and United Nations forces
  responded to the invasion
• Allied forces were pushed to the Pusan Perimeter
  by September 1950

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• MacArthur called for an amphibious invasion at
  Inchon to take pressure off Allied forces and to
  cut supply lines of the North Koreans
• By November 1950 Allied forces had pushed the
  North Koreans almost to the Yalu River (boundary
  between North Korea and China)

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• Chinese forces crossed over the Yalu River to
  help N. Korea
• MacArthur wanted to invade China, but Truman
  advised against it. MacArthur and Truman
  exchanged words and eventually MacArthur was
  fired.
• Chinese and N. Korean forces were able to cross
  back across the 38th Parallel

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• Allied forces pushed back
• Fighting stopped in 1951
• Armistice signed in 1953 and the 38th Parallel
  was used to divide North and South Korea

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THE VIETNAM WAR

• Vietnam was part of French Indochina
• Area was taken over by the Japanese in WWII, but
  reclaimed by the French after the war was over
• Nationalist movement in the region against the
  French

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• Leader of the Nationalists- Ho Chi Minh
• Led the war against the French in the late
  1940s influenced by communism
• Ho Chi Minhs followers in North Vietnam were
  called the Vietminh
• Ho Chi Minh was supported and financially backed
  by the Soviet Union
• The United States backed the French

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• The Geneva Conference- divided Vietnam at the
  17th Parallel
• North was now communist and leader was Ho Chi
  Minh (capitalHanoi) ties to China and USSR
• South was democratic and president was Ngo Dinh
  Diem (capitalSaigon)

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TIMELINE OF U.S. INVOLVEMENT

• 1954- SUPPORTIVE OF THE FRENCH
• 1956-1964- SENT MILITARY ADVISORS AND FINANCIAL
  AID
• 1964- GULF OF TONKIN INCIDENT AND PRESIDENT
  JOHNSON GETS PERMISSION TO SEND IN COMBAT TROOPS
  WITH THE GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION
• 1965- 1ST COMBAT TROOPS ARRIVE
• 1965-1973- AMERICAN COMBAT TROOPS IN VIETNAM
• PRESIDENT NIXON RESPONSIBLE FOR VIETNAMIZATION

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UNITED STATES INVOLVEMENT

• By 1957 Eisenhower sent in military advisors to
  help train South Vietnamese military
• President Kennedy increased American involvement
  (financial aid)
• South Vietnams army was ineffective against the
  Vietcong (South Vietnamese guerillas- also known
  as Charlie) which put pressure on the U.S. to
  increase its involvement

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• Diem turned out to be corrupt
• Believed he pocketed much of the aid sent to them
  from US
• US continued to support him
• Openly persecuted Buddhists
• Monks protesting persecution set selves on fire
  in public square
• United States finally supported a coup to
  overthrow Diem in 1963

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• 1964-Gulf of Tonkin Resolution US spy boat
  torpedoed, but US claimed two had been attacked,
  LB Johnson urged Congress to write blank check
• President Johnson sent over troops to take on a
  lead military role
• By 1967 war at a stalemate
• North planned attack on Saigon on Tet, Vietnamese
  holiday (Tet Offensive)
• North actually failed, lasted several weeks but
  they did not win
• North used propaganda to create image of victory
• However, US opinion of the war dropped
  dramatically because we suffered less casualties,
  but gained no land
• War portrayed as unwinnable

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• U.S. forces tried to bomb the Ho Chi Minh Trail-
  supply route through Cambodia and Laos
• Sparked protests Kent State and Jackson State
  students were shot by national guard

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• Paris Accords Jan 31, 1973
• Brought US withdrawal and release of POWs
• US pulls out- Vietnamization
• North continues to take South
• World watches dramatic rescue of US Embassy
  workers from the embassy rooftop
• February 73 South fell to communism, Laos went
  peacefully slowly after

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NAPALM
MY LAI MASSACRE
HANOI HILTON
HANOI JANE
JOHN McCAIN- POW
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CAMBODIA AND THE KHMER ROUGE

• As a result of the communist takeover of Vietnam
  and because of the Ho Chi Minh Trail, communism
  filtered into Cambodia
• Pol Pot established the Khmer Rouge, a communist
  regime in Cambodia
• Ruled from 1975-1979
• He began a genocide against the intelligencia and
  former political leaders of Cambodia
• Killed approximately 1 million people before he
  was overthrown and placed under house arrest
• Died in 1998 while still under house arrest

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POL POT
THE KILLING FIELDS
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PHILIPPINES

• President Ferdinand Marcos was a corrupt leader
  who embezzled a huge amount of the national
  treasury for his own personal gain (1965-1986)
• He was accused of having his political opponent,
  Benigno Aquino, murdered in 1983
• In the 1986 election, the wife of the murdered
  opponent, Corazon Aquino, ran against Marcos and
  won. She became the first female democratically
  elected President of the Philippines. Stayed in
  power until 1992.
• Marcos and his wife fled the Philippines and
  sought refuge in the U.S. They were arrested and
  served time in U.S prison. Ferdinand died in 1989
  and Imelda returned to the Philippines.

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INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT OF INDIA

• Following WWII desire for independence from the
  British and the concern of Muslims and their
  place in India dominated by Hindus

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INDEPENDENCE

• Mohandas Gandhi- leader of the INC had been
  fighting for independence for many years and WWII
  forced Britain to address the issue
• The last British viceroy of India carried out a
  plan to create an independent India in 1947
• The British were persuaded because of a
  nonviolent resistance movement (passive
  resistance) led by Gandhi, who was eventually
  given the name Mahatma (Great Soul)

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RESULTS OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE

• The agreement that created an independent India
  also established a two-part Pakistan
• A Hindu upset over the partition assassinated
  Gandhi in 1948
• In 1971, the eastern section of Pakistan became
  Bangladesh
• The island of Ceylon was also granted
  independence and was eventually renamed Sri
  Lanka

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AFRICAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENTS

• African independence efforts followed three
  general patterns
• Peaceful transition to independence
• Violent transition to independence or violence
  following the transition due to conflicts among
  Africans in the region
• Areas where large European populations had
  settled in the colony faced conflicts such as
  resisting the desires of natives and the colonial
  powers plans to establish African majority rule

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Peaceful Transition

• Common in colonies that had small European
  populations and minimal tension among African
  groups in the colony
• British West Africa is a good example
• They were already using indirect rule so they
  just handed power over to the Africans

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Violent Transition

• Nigerias independence was delayed by complicated
  negotiations among African ethnic groups and
  eventually civil war erupted

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Europeans were the obstacle

• Algeria- French simply refused to consider
  independence. Finally in 1962, following a war
  that killed thousands of French soldiers and
  hundreds of thousands of Algerians, the country
  gained independence
• South Africa gained independence after WWII, but
  by 1948 the government started apartheid
  (national policy of segregation). The policy
  ended in 1990.
• Nelson Mandela led the movement against
  apartheid. He was imprisoned for several years.
• President F.W. deKlerk ended apartheid and
  allowed for free elections which allowed Mandela
  to take over

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continued

• Kenya Europeans made up less than 1 of
  population, but had tremendous power
• Jomo Kenyatta became the leader of the
  independence movement in Kenya
• He was jailed by the British from 1953 to 1961
• Became the Prime Minister of independent Kenya in
  1963
• Encouraged Europeans to stay and invest in the
  country
• Economically prosperous until mid-1970s, when
  the one-party system became corrupt. Corruption
  intensified after Kenyattas death in 1978.

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Rwandan Genocide

• Rwanda and Burundi were given to Belgium
  according to the Treaty of Versailles.
• The Tutsi (ethnic minority) were given
  preferential treatment by the Belgians.
• The 1994 genocide was the slaughter of
  approximately 1 million Tutsi by the Hutu

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