Chapter 2: Industrialization and Immigration, 1860

1
Chapter 2 Industrialization and Immigration,
18601914

• Essential Question
• What new problems and opportunities developed as
  America became an industrial power?
• Why It Matters Now
• The modern corporation, which today dominates
  business and influences politics, was developed
  during this time.

2
Industrialization and Immigration, 18601914

• The turn of the 19th century was an exciting time
  for many Americans as new inventions such as
  telephones and skyscrapers brought the impossible
  within reach. These wonders created new
  industries and fabulous wealth for a fewand
  danger and drudgery for millions of workers,
  including many new immigrants and African
  Americans.

3
America Enters the Industrial Age

• Key Ideas
• Before, you learned
• Millions of farmers moved to the Plains in the
  late 1800s and faced economic problems.
• Now you will learn
• New inventions and corporations created the
  Gilded Age of industrial growth and great wealth
  for a few.

4
The Industrial Revolution Continues

• Key Question
• What new inventions changed life in the 1800s?
• Bessemer steel process cuts cost of steel
• Thomas Edison finds many ways to use electricity
• George Westinghouse alternating current
• Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone

5
Corporations Gain Power

• Key Question
• How did corporations affect business competition?
• Role of corporations
• John D. Rockefeller establishes Standard Oil
  Trust.
• Andrew Carnegie establishes a vertical
  consolidation with U.S. Steel
• Industry goes through business cycle of booms and
  busts.

6
Economic Growth Brings Wealth and Poverty

• Key Question
• What inequalities emerged in the late 19th
  century?
• Great wealth of business owners
• Poverty of the workers
• Industrialization being no help to minorities,
  workers, and the South
• Gilded Age

7
Immigration and Modern Urban Growth

• Key Ideas
• Before, you learned
• New inventions and corporations created the
  Gilded Age of industrial growth and great wealth
  for a few.
• Now you will learn
• Immigration and industrialization spurred the
  rapid growth of Americas cities.

8
Industrialization Changes Cities

• Key Question
• How did industry and new inventions change
  society?
• Population begins to shift to the cities
• Urbanization changes cities.

9
The New Immigrants

• Key Question
• Who were the new immigrants and where did they
  settle in the United States?
• the old immigrants from northern and western
  Europe
• the new immigrants from southern and eastern
  Europe (Ellis Island)
• Asian immigrants (Angel Island)
• Very different cultures

10
Reactions to Immigration

• Key Question
• What did native-born Americans fear about
  immigration?
• United States as a melting pot
• Native-born Americans fearing competition
• Immigration restrictions and the Chinese
  Exclusion Act

11
Problems of Urbanization

• Key Question
• What problems were caused by urbanization?
• People living in tenements in slums.
• Reformers attack problems
• Cities controlled by political machines.

12
The Labor Movement

• Key Ideas
• Before, you learned
• Immigration and industrialization spurred the
  rapid growth of Americas modern cities.
• Now you will learn
• As business leaders guided industrial expansion,
  workers organized to gain their rights.

13
Workers Organize

• Key Question
• Why/how did workers organize?
• poor working conditions and low pay
• national organizations such as the Knights of
  Labor
• early strikes to protest pay cuts as a result of
  economic depression

14
Workers Organize

• Key Question
• What happened in early strikes?
• Violence
• Government sides with owners
• Owners brought in minorities (Chinese, Blacks)
  who were usually not allowed to join unions

15
The Struggle Between Business and Labor

• Key Question
• How did business leaders react to workers
  demands?
• blame labor movement on socialism and anarchists.
  
• increasing opposition to unions after Haymarket
  Affair (violence blamed on unions)
• Homestead strike Pa state militia protected
  non-union workers
• Pullman strike rail service stopped in support,
  federal troops brought in to stop strikes

16
The Struggle Between Business and Labor

• Key Question
• What other unions were important
• American Federation of Labor
• Samuel Gompers, president

17
Society and Mass Culture

• Key Ideas
• Before, you learned
• As business leaders guided industrial expansion,
  workers organized to gain rights.
• Now you will learn
• Industrialization and new technology created a
  mass culture in the United States.

18
Education and Publishing Expand

• Key Question
• What caused education and publishing to expand?
• expansion of public education
• increase in literacy, leisure
• growth of publishing industry and more newspapers

19
Pleasures of the Consumer Society

• Key Question
• How did Americans spend their leisure time in the
  late 1800s?
• new products and entertainment for consumers
• mass culture influenced by
• Advertising
• Leisure activities