Memory

1
Memory

• Taking in and Storing Information

2
What do we remember?

• Write down the very first memory you can think
  of! How old were you?
• Neural pathways are still developing
• Language barrier
• Survival responses may take precedence

3
Flashbulb Memories

• Surprise-induced memorization
• Empirical research shows that flashbulb memories
  may be formed in response to surprising stimuli
  and events in general.
• Hormonal basis hypothesis
• Cortisol is released in response to stressful
  incidents causing the brain to remember things to
  avoid in the future.
• Reinforcement Theories

4
Informational Processing Model Encoding, Storage
Retrieval

• Sensory Memory very brief memory storage
  immediately following initial reception of a
  stimulus.
• Our senses hold onto memories for fractions of a
  second.
• Iconic Memory visual sensory memory
• Echoic Memory auditory sensory memory that lasts
  for 1-2 seconds

5
Sensory Memory Iconic

• George Sperling Present stimulus for 50ms to
  participants
• P Y F G
• V J S A
• D H B U
• In one condition he asked for whole (recall was
  4)
• In another condition, he told them which row of
  letters (after they viewed the letters first,
  second or third, he would like participants to
  try to recall. (recall 3-4 letters)
• This meant that for a brief period of time the
  grid was available to the participants as sensory
  memory.
• This suggest we see more than we can say

6
Write down what you read.
7
What did you write down?

• A BIRD IN THE BUSH
• A BIRD IN THE THE BUSH

8
The Processes of MemoryEncoding

• First we encode information.
• Encoding the transforming of information so the
  nervous system can process it.
• We encode information through our senses.
• Acoustic Codes listening, saying something out
  loud
• Visual Codes mental pictures, images
• Semantic Codes give meaning to the information

9
Write down the number of Fs Appearing in the
Statement Below.

• Finished files are
• the results of years
• of scientific study
• combined with the
• experience of years.

10
How many did you count? 3, 4, 5, 6 ? (acoustic
or visual encoding?)

• Finished files are
• the results of years
• of scientific study
• combined with the
• experience of years.

11
Instructions will appear on the next slide.

• Nod your head when you fully understand the
  instructions.

12
Group 1

• FOR EACH OF THE WORDS THAT I AM GOING TO READ,
  MENTALLY RATE THE USEFULNESS OF THE ITEM, ON A
  1-5 SCALE, IF YOU WERE STRANDED ON A DESERT
  ISLAND.

13
Instructions will appear on the next slide.

• Nod your head when you fully understand the
  instructions.

14
GROUP 2

• FOR EACH OF THE WORDS THAT I AM GOING TO READ,
  MENTALLY ESTIMATE THE NUMBER OF SYLLABALS FOUND
  IN THE WORD.

15
The Processes of Memory

• Storage
• Storage The process by which information is
  maintained over a period of time.
• How much effort was put into encoding?

16
Three Stages of Memory Short-Term

• Short-Term Memory memory that is limited in
  capacity to about seven items and in duration by
  the subjects active rehearsal.
• Information needs to be repeated to keep in short
  term memory.

17
Short-Term Memory

• Maintenance rehearsal shallow processing
• 20 seconds
• Rule of 7 (7 /- 2)
• Try to remember as many of the following letters
  as possible.

FABCPBSNBCCNNMTV F ABC PBS NBC CNN MTV Chunking
the process of grouping items to make them easier
to remember. Social Security Numbers Phone
Numbers
18
Lets Test Your Short Term Memory!

• 925
• 8642
• 37654
• 627418
• 0401473
• 19223530
• 486854332
• 7290035673
• 61531797264

19
Put Your Pens/Pencils Down and Listen to the List
of Words I Read.

• 5 10 15 20
• Dream
• Night
• Toss
• Turn
• Sound
• Rest
• Snore
• Awake
• Night
• Slumber
• Eat
• Artichoke
• Comfort
• Wake
• Tired
• Clock
• Fatigue
• Silence

20
Short-Term Memory

• The Serial Position Effect we are better able to
  recall information presented at the beginning and
  end of a list.
• Primacy Effect
• Recency Effect

21
Informational Processing Model Encoding, Storage
Retrieval
22
Try to remember everything you see and hear.
23
The Processes of Memory

• Retrieval
• Retrieval The process of obtaining information
  that has been stored in memory.
• Information is brought back to mind from storage.
• Depends on how information was encoded and stored.

24
Deliberate Explicit Conscious Recall
No conscious recall C.C. habits
Memory of events in serial form
25
Long-Term Memory Semantic Memory

• Semantic Memory knowledge of language, including
  its rules, words, and meanings.

26
Long-Term Memory Episodic Memory

• Episodic Memory memory of ones life, including
  time of occurrence.

27
Long-Term Memory Procedural Memory

• Procedural Memory memory of learned skills that
  does not require conscious recollection.
• Skills
• Habits
• Classical Conditioning

28
Long-Term Memory Declarative Memory

• Declarative Memory memory of knowledge that can
  be called forth consciously as needed.
• Explicit Memory
• deliberate effortful
• Implicit Memory
• automatic

29
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
30
Three Stages of Memory Long-Term Memory

• Long-Term Memory information is stored for long
  periods of time.