A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe

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A New Civilization Emerges in Western Europe

• Chapter 10
• Postclassical Europe

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Postclassical/ Middle Ages

• Period of great faith-Islam and Christianity
• Christian missionaries spread message north.
• Europe grows in participation of trade
• Europeans learned of technologies and scholarship
  from these contacts (Africans, Asians, Muslims,
  Byzantines

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Problems

• Rome was the center of the Church and the Church
  was the most powerful institution in West
• Poor education due to focus on farming and weak
  regional rulers
• Frequent invasions created instability

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Section 1Charlemagne

• Middle Ages or Medieval period 500-1300 after
  fall of Rome, Europe remained fragmented
• Disruption in trade, downfall of cities, and
  population shifts
• Germanic invaders who stormed Rome were not well
  educated and the level of learning sank
• No written language
• As Germans began to mix with the Romans language
  changed

• Dialects popped up and various languages appeared
  like French and Spanish
• Germanic kingdoms rose in place of the Roman
  Empire

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Charlemagne

• Monks gave up all worldly possessions and became
  servants of God
• He used the Churchs money to raise armies,
  repair roads, and help the poor
• All western and central Europe fell under the
  Popes control and authority

• In Gaul the Franks emerged under their leader,
  Clovis
• Clovis adopted Christianity due to God helping
  him in battle in 496 CE and to gain prestige over
  pagan rivals
• By 600 the Church and Frankish rulers helped to
  convert many Germanic peoples
• Church created religious communities,
  monasteries, for rural areas

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Charlemagne

• He expanded the empire and defeated the Muslims
  at the Battles of Tours in 732 this kept Europe
  Christian!
• Muslims had been invaded via Spain

• Europe fell into small kingdoms after the fall of
  the Roman Empire
• The strongest was in the area of Gaul under the
  leadership of Clovis (Franks)

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CHARLES MARTEL
CLOVIS
CHARLEMANGE
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Charlemagne

• He limited the authority of the nobles,
  strengthened his powers, and traveled throughout
  his empire
• He encouraged learning and opened a palace school
  for his many children
• 814 his son, Louis the Pious became emperor-he
  was an ineffective ruler and concerned more with
  religion
• Pious 3 sons fought each other for the empire.
  It was split into 3 kingdoms after the civil war
  in the Treaty of Verdun in 843

• 800 He built an empire greater than anything
  since Rome France, Spain, and Germany
• Pope Leo III granted Charlemagne the title of
  Roman emperor for fighting off unruly nobles in
  Rome
• This united Germanic kings and the Church

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Section 2 Feudalism

• Vikings(Norsemen) sailed from Scandinavia to
  Europe down waterways to raid villages and towns
• They carried out these raids with terrifying
  speed and by the time local troop arrived the
  Vikings were long gone
• Viking warships allowed for these raidscould
  hold as many as 300 warriors
• They looted villages and monasteries, were
  traders, and explorers

• The destabilization that the civil war caused
  brought Europe into new political turmoil and led
  to the development of feudalism
• Feudalism is a political system based on land
  ownership and personal loyalty
• At this weakened state Europe was then attacked
  by invaders Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims

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Section 2 Feudalism

• At the same time Muslims attacked from the south
• These invasions caused disruption of trade,
  political disorder, and suffering

• Vikings were also known to go as far as Russia on
  raids
• They are also credited with reaching the Americas
  
• Vikings gradually began to accept Christianity
  and as this happened the raids decreased
• Climate warming combined with this to allow for
  increased farming in Scandinavia

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Section 2 Feudalism

• These attacks led to the development of a new
  political system called feudalism-power was based
  on land ownership and loyalty

King
Church/ clergy
nobles
knights
Lord
Land (fief)
gives
Peasants/ serfs
vassal
Loyalty and military service
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New economic and urban vigor

• New agricultural techniques 3 field crop
  rotation, no chock horse collars, and the
  moldboard plow (deeper soil)
• Elite defined by landownership and military
  powers

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Feudal Monarchies -expand powers

• After the breakup of Charlemagne's empire kings
  of France and England sought to increase their
  powers

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Magna Carta/ Parliament

• June 15, 1215
• Nobles wanted to safeguard their own feudal
  rights and limit the kings power. In later years
  the people argued that the Magna Carta covered
  all classes and applied to each citizen
• Guaranteed that nobles had certain rights, forced
  the monarch to obey the laws, monarchy agreed not
  to raise new taxes without first consulting the
  Great Council, protecting people from arbitrary
  arrest, imprisonment, and other legal actionsled
  to due process of the law, set the basis for
  habeas corpus the principle that no person can be
  held in prison without first being charged for a
  crime Habeas Corpus later clarified and defined
  in the Petition of Right in 1628 and the Habeas
  Corpus Act of 1679
• included no taxation without representation, a
  jury trial, and the protection of the law.

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100 Years War1337-1453

• English kings status as vassal of the French
  king for his territories in Gascony
• English support for urban rebellions in Flanders
  against the king of France
• English kings claim to the throne of France
  after the end of the Capetian dynasty in 1314
  (death of Charles IV)

• 1328 Charles IV of France died childless
• Charles had a sister Queen Isabella of England
• Struggle over French dynastic succession
• Causes of the war

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Black Death

• The disease was carried by fleas on infected
  rats, who would bite humans. Once bitten the
  person would develop a high fever, begin
  coughing, and develop painful swelling in lymph
  nodes of the groin or armpits. Final stage was
  vomiting blood
• Spread bubonic and pneumonic (person to person)
• Death took 3-5 days to kill most. Although,
  airborne virus could only take hours to kill
• killed ½ to 1/3 of Europes population
• caused major economic depression (increased
  taxation, revolts, loss of financial backing in
  some cities, and increased gap between the rich
  and poor

Charles IV
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(No Transcript)
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Rural Life/ Trade

• Peasant lives had improved during this time
  period. Still manorialism existed some peasants
  were almost free farmers while others were
  constrained.
• Urban growth led to more specialized
  manufacturing and commercial activities. Banking
  grew as long distance trade grew. Italy, Germany,
  Low countries, France, and Britain key area.
  (Greed not a Christian idea). Use of money
  spread.
• Trade within Europe and the greater world
• Spices from Asia
• Timber and grain from the north for cloth and
  metal products from Italy and Low Countries
• England-wool industry
• Hanseatic League-cites in n. Germany and
  Scandinavia grouped together to encourage trade
• Supported new business ventures at great risk
  (pirates, lost a sea) with fortune to be gained
  or lost
• Formation of Joint stock companies where
  merchants came together to invest in an activity

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Decline of Medieval Synthesis

• Hundred Years War war between France and England
  over control of lands. France won, but no one
  really one. Exhausted both countries and
  accidentally helped France b/c the state took
  over lands without heirs (they died in the war).
  In England it led to a civil war. War of the
  Roses!

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Strain

• Agricultural problemslimited lands and methods
  that led to famine.
• Plagues-black plague
• Social conflict between nobles and peasants
• Church weakened by Babylonian captivity and the
  great schism. People began preaching against the
  Church structure and some women claimed a direct
  emotional relationship with God. (heretics!)
• Some intellectual and artistic were declared
  heretical by the Church

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serfs
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Section 3 Chivalry

• During Middle Ages, nobles fought one another,
  keeping Europe fragmented for centuries
• Through warfare feudal lords defended their
  estates, seized new territories, and increased
  their wealth
• Role of the warrior was very prized in this
  society

• Knights had a code of chivalry a complex set of
  ideals, demanded that a knight fight bravely in
  defense of three masters feudal lord, the Lord,
  and his chosen lady
• Knights fought bravely in tournaments to show
  their training and hopefully pick up lands

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Section 4 The Church

• Amid weak governments and feudal states stood the
  Church-the most powerful institution
• During this time the powers of the Church were
  growing
• Accordingly the emperor or kings should submit to
  the powers of the pope/ Church
• Many clashes over powers between the state and
  Church emerged

• Structure of the Church similar to that of
  society during this time

Pope
Bishops
priests
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Section 4 The Church

• During the state of constant warfare the Church
  provided stability and leadership for medieval
  society
• Religious officials provided the sacraments or
  important religious ceremonies that paved the way
  for salvation
• Religion became the social center
• The Church also had laws-canon law-in areas such
  as marriage and religion

• Popes got people, including kings, to obey them
  by the use of excommunication!
• Following the death of Charlemagne the Holy Roman
  Empire (Germany) emerged as the kingdom strongest
  from his line
• The H.R.E. and the pope developed a special
  relationship-Otto I and People Leo III

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Section 4

• Resulted was the Concordat of Worms in 1122 the
  Church alone could choose a bishop yet the
  emperor had the veto power to prevent the
  appointment of a bishop
• 1152 German princes elected Frederick I
  Barbarossa emperor
• He launched attacks on rich lands-resources
• Angered Italian merchants. Formed an alliance
  against Frederick I (Lombard League)
• 1176 meet at the Battle of Legnano-lost to
  Lombard League and forces of the Pope (Alexander
  III)
• Result-weakened German state due to picking
  emperors and continued clashes with the Church

• Church became fearful of kings powers over lay
  investiture -a ceremony in which kings and nobles
  appointed (invested) church officials-they
  yielded real power over the Church
• 1073 Pope Gregory VII made reforms-limited
  secular influences lay investiture, no marriage
  for priests, banned simony
• Gregory vs. Henry IV of H.R.E.- Pope
  excommunicated Henry IV and headed north to crown
  a new emperor so Henry asked for forgiveness

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Pope Gregory VII
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The Roman Catholic Church

• There was only one church in the Middle Ages in
  Western Europe (Roman Catholic), which held power
  both over kings and countries. In the late
  Middle Ages the church began to lose its powers
• Babylonian Captivity (Jewish) and Great Schism
  (1054) are also earlier events

• Babylonian Captivity 1304-1374 popes lived in
  Avignon in southeastern France (away from Rome).
  French kings influenced the pope and the church.
  Ended with the death of pope Gregory XI in 1377
• Great Schism various popes at same time
  1377-1415 succession crisis! Ended with the
  election of pope Martin V
• Conciliar Movement reform the church by
  assemblies (constitutional)
• John Wycliffe precursor of the Reformation-scriptu
  res alone should be the standard for Christian
  belief

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• Jan Hus-rejected much of what Wycliffe thought,
  but did agree that indulgences were not good. He
  called for Church reform of liturgy and morals.
  Both pope XXIII and Bohemian king Wenceslas IV
  were outraged! Hus was excommunicated and found
  guilty of heresy. He was burned at the stake! His
  followers were called Hussites

• Wycliffe attacked the doctrinal and political
  bases of the Church. He was against the selling
  of indulgences, stated the sacraments were only
  as good as the priest, Eucharist was spiritually,
  and salvation depended on predestination. He
  attacked the Churchs right to wealth and luxury
  which made the English monarchy happy and thus he
  was protected. His followers were called
  Lollards.