Thinking About Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior 2e

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Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind
and Behavior 2e

• Charles T. Blair-Broeker
• Randal M. Ernst

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Developmental Domain
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Life-Span Development Chapter
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Prenatal and Childhood Development

• Module 14

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The Beginnings of Life Prenatal Development

• Module 14 Prenatal and Childhood Development

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Prenatal Development

• Prenatal defined as before birth
• Prenatal stage begins at conception and ends with
  the birth of the child.

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Zygote

• A fertilized egg
• The first two weeks are a period of rapid cell
  division.
• Attaches to the mothers uterine wall
• At the end of 14 days becomes an embryo

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Prenatal Development
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Embryo

• Developing human organism from about 2 weeks
  after fertilization until the end of the eight
  week
• Most of the major organs are formed during this
  time.
• At the end of the eight week the fetal period
  begins.

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Fetus

• Developing human organism from nine weeks after
  conception to birth

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Placenta

• A cushion of cells in the mother by which the
  fetus receives oxygen and nutrition
• Acts as a filter to screen out substances that
  could harm the fetus

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Teratogens

• Substances that cross the placental barrier and
  prevent the fetus from developing normally
• Includes radiation, toxic chemicals, viruses,
  drugs, alcohol, nicotine, etc.

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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

• Physical and cognitive abnormalities that appear
  in children whose mothers consumed large amounts
  of alcohol while pregnant

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The Beginnings of Life The Newborn

• Module 14 Prenatal and Childhood Development

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Rooting Reflex

• Babys tendency, when touched on the cheek, to
  open the mouth and search for the nipple
• Is an automatic, unlearned response

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Temperament

• Persons characteristic emotional excitability
• A child might be
• An easy or difficult baby
• Temperament shown in infancy appears to carry
  through a persons life.

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Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood

• Module 14 Prenatal and Childhood Development

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Infant, Toddler, Child

• Infant First year
• Toddler From about 1 year to 3 years of age
• Child Span between toddler and teen

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Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
The Developing Brain

• Module 14 Prenatal and Childhood Development

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Neural Development
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Maturation

• Biological growth processes that enable orderly
  changes in behavior

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Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood
Motor Development

• Module 14 Prenatal and Childhood Development

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Motor Development

• Includes all physical skills and muscular
  coordination

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Motor Development
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Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood
Piagets Cognitive Stages

• Module 14 Prenatal and Childhood Development

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Jean Piaget (pee-ah-ZHAY)

• Pioneer in the study of developmental psychology
  who introduced a stage theory of cognitive
  development that lead to a better understanding
  of childrens thought processes
• Proposed a theory consisting of four stages of
  cognitive development

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Cognition

• All the mental activities associated with
  thinking, knowing, and remembering
• Children think differently than adults do

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Childs Thinking

• Play The Magic Years (1000) Segment 25 from
  Scientific American Frontiers Video Collection
  for Introductory Psychology (2nd edition)

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Schemas

• Concepts or mental frameworks that people use to
  organize and interpret information
• Sometimes called schemes
• A persons picture of the world

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Assimilation

• Interpreting a new experience within the context
  of existing schemas
• The new experience is similar to other previous
  experiences

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Accommodation

• Adapting current schemas to incorporate new
  information
• The new experience is so novel the persons
  schemata must be changed to accommodate it

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Assimilation/Accommodation
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Assimilation/Accommodation
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Assimilation/Accommodation
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Sensorimotor Stage

• Piagets first stage of cognitive development
• From birth to about age two
• Child gathers information about the world through
  sensory impressions and motor activities
• Child learns object permanence

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Object Permanence

• Awareness that things continue to exist even when
  you cannot see or hear them
• Out of sight, out of mind

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Preoperational Stage

• Piagets second stage of cognitive development
• From about age 2 to age 6 or 7
• Children learns to use language but cannot yet
  think logically

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Egocentrism

• In Piagets theory, the inability of the
  preoperational child to take another persons
  point of view
• Includes a childs inability to understand that
  symbols can represent other objects

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Concrete Operational Stage

• Piagets third stage of cognitive development
• From about age 6 to 11
• Child gain the mental skills that let them think
  logically about concrete events
• Learn conservation

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Conservation

• An understanding that certain properties remain
  constant despite changes in their form
• The properties can include mass, volume, and
  numbers.

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Conservation
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Conservation
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Conservation
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Types of Conservation Tasks
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Formal Operational Stage

• Piagets fourth and last stage of cognitive
  development
• About age 12 on up
• Children begin to think logically about abstract
  concepts and form strategies about things they
  may not have experienced
• Can solve hypothetical problems (What if.
  problems)

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Cognitive Development in Infancy and Childhood
Assessing Piaget

• Module 14 Prenatal and Childhood Development

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Assessing Piagets Theory
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Assessing Piagets Theory

• Piaget underestimated the childs ability at
  various ages.
• Piagets theory doesnt take into account culture
  and social differences.

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Social Development in Infancy and Childhood

• Module 14 Prenatal and Childhood Development

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Stranger Anxiety

• The fear of strangers that infants commonly
  display
• Begins around 8 months of age

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Attachment

• Emotional tie with another person shown by
  seeking closeness by seeking closeness to the
  caregiver and showing distress on separation
• Body contact, familiarity, and responsiveness all
  contribute to attachment.

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Harry Harlow

• Did research with infant monkeys on how body
  contact relates to attachment
• The monkeys had to chose between a cloth mother
  or a wire mother that provided food.

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Harry Harlow

• The monkeys spent most of their time by the cloth
  mother.

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Harry Harlow
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Harlows Studies

• Insert Harlows studies on Dependency in
  Monkeys Video 12a from Worths Digital Media
  Archive for Psychology
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM

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Harlows Studies

• Insert Harlows studies on Dependency in
  Monkeys Video 12b from Worths Digital Media
  Archive for Psychology
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM

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Harlows Studies

• Insert Harlows studies on Dependency in
  Monkeys Video 12c from Worths Digital Media
  Archive for Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.
• NOTE This video clip could also be used later in
  this module.

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Harlows Study
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Familiarity

• Sense of contentment with that which is already
  known
• Infants are familiar with their parents and
  caregivers.

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Imprinting

• A process by which certain animals form
  attachments during a critical period early in
  life
• Konrad Lorenz studied imprinting.

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Konrad Lorenz

• Studied imprinted behaviors
• Goslings are imprinted to follow the first large
  moving object they see.

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Critical Period

• Optimal shortly after birth when an organisms
  exposure to certain stimuli produces proper
  development

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Responsiveness

• Responsive parents are aware of what their
  children are doing.
• Unresponsive parents ignore their
  children--helping only when they want to.

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Securely or Insecurely Attached

• Securely attached children will explore their
  environment when primary caregiver is present
• Insecurely attached children will appear
  distressed and cry when caregiver leaves. Will
  cling to them when they return

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Attachment

• Play Attachment (503) Segment 21 from
  Psychology The Human Experience

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Harlows Studies

• Insert Harlows studies on Dependency in
  Monkeys Video 12c from Worths Digital Media
  Archive for Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.
• NOTE This video clip could also be used earlier
  in this module.

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Strange-Situation Test

• Insert Morellis Strange-Situation Test Video
  17 from Worths Digital Media Archive for
  Psychology.
• Instructions for importing the video file can be
  found in the Readme file on the CD-ROM.

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Effects of Attachment

• Secure attachment predicts social competence.
• Deprivation of attachment is linked to negative
  outcome.
• A responsive environment helps most infants
  recover from attachment disruption.

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Parental Patterns

• Daumrinds three main parenting styles
• Authoritarian parenting
• Permissive parenting
• Authoritative parenting

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Authoritarian Parenting

• Style of parenting marked by imposing rules and
  expecting obedience
• Low in warmth
• Discipline is strict and sometimes physical.
• Communication high from parent to child and low
  from child to parent
• Maturity expectations are high.

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Permissive Parenting

• Style of parenting marked by submitting to
  childrens desired, making few demands, and using
  little punishment
• High in warmth but rarely discipline
• Communication is low from parent to child but
  high from child to parent.
• Expectations of maturity are low.

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Authoritative Parenting

• Style of parenting marked by making demands on
  the child, being responsive, setting and
  enforcing rules, and discussing the reason behind
  the rules
• High in warmth with moderate discipline
• High in communication and negotiating
• Maturity expectations are moderate.

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Parenting Styles
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Parental Influences

• Play Gender Development Social Influences
  (402) Module 3 from The Brain Teaching Modules
  (2nd edition)

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Three Key Developmental Issues

• Module 4 Prenatal and Childhood Development

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Continuity and Stages

• How much of behavior is continuous and how much
  follows a more stage like development?

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Stability and Change

• What developmental traits remain stable over
  time, and which change?

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Nature and Nurture

• How much of our behavior is due to nature and how
  much is due to nurture?
• How do nature and nurture interact in development?

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The End
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Name of Concept

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  presentation

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