3/2/11%20BR:%20Although%20the%20Spartans%20did%20not%20fight%20at%20the%20battle%20of%20Marathon,%20they%20did%20fight%20the%20Persian%20King%20____%20at%20_________.%20Even%20though%20all%20the%20______%20died%20in%20this%20battle,%20the%20______%20advance%20into%20Greece%20was%20slowed.

1
3/2/11BR Although the Spartans did not fight at
the battle of Marathon, they did fight the
Persian King ____ at _________. Even though all
the ______ died in this battle, the ______
advance into Greece was slowed.

• Today Assembling Your Storyboards

2
IONIAN REVOLT

• Persia took control of all Greek city-states
  along coast of Asia Minor in 547 BC
• Region known as Ionia
• Ionian city-states rebelled against Persian rule
  in 499 BC
• Sought aid from mainland Greece
• Only Athens and Eretria responded
• This aid allowed Ionian city-states to put up
  fierce resistance to Persians
• But revolt was nonetheless defeated by 494 BC

3
DARIUS I

• Persian emperor Darius I determined to punish
  Athens and Eretria for aiding Ionian rebellion
• Sent fleet to Greece with goal of conquering both
  city-states and teaching the entire mainland a
  lesson it would never forget

4
BATTLE OF MARATHON

• Eretria fell quickly to the Persians
• Persians then entered the plain of Marathon and
  headed for Athens
• Athenians wasted several days debating strategy
• Finally decided to request reinforcements from
  Sparta and send a 9000 hoplite army met Persians
  at Marathon
• By the time Spartan reinforcement arrived, Athens
  had won battle
• By using new tactic of collapsing center

5
AFTERMATH OF MARATHON

• Athenians saw victory at Marathon as vindication
  of their adoption of democratic reforms of
  Cleisthenes
• More democratic reforms followed
• More elected offices opened up to demos
• Introduction of practice of ostracism
• To check against overly ambitious men
• To make a clear-cut decision between conflicting
  policies advocated by different individuals
• Athens also embarked on huge naval construction
  program
• Financed by silver in Laurium
• Resulted in fleet of 200 ships

6
A NEW ATTACK

• Persians made plans for another invasion
• With goal of conquering entire peninsula
• Led by new emperor, Xerxes
• Greeks prepare for invasion by setting up
  defensive line stretching from pass at
  Thermopylae to northern tip of Euboea

7
BATTLE OF THERMOPYLAE

• Thermopylae was narrow pass through mountains
• Since only a few soldiers could get through at a
  time, Greeks hoped it would nullify Persian
  numerical advantage
• 7000 men held pass commanded by King Leonidas of
  Sparta
• Persians could not make any headway against
  Greeks for several days
• Greek traitor led Persians around pass and they
  came in behind Greeks
• Leonidas sent most men away and kept 1400 to hold
  pass
• Wiped out by Persians

8
BATTLE OF SALAMIS

• Athens evacuated population to nearby seaside
  fort of Salamis
• Persians hesitated to attack because Bay of
  Salamis was full of Athenian ships
• Athenians tricked Persians into entering bay with
  their navy
• Smaller, more maneuverable Athenian ships then
  destroyed Persian fleet
• Xerxes withdrew back to Asia Minor

9
FINAL VICTORIES

• Xerxes still had 300,000 man army in Greece
• Spartan commander Pausanias set up camp in plain
  below Persian army at Plataea
• Persians attacked but Spartans counter-attacked
  and achieved victory
• A few weeks later, Athenian navy liberated Ionian
  city-states
• Alliance of Spartan land power and Athenian naval
  power had defeated the most powerful empire in
  the world

10
PROBLEMS AMONG THE GREEKS

• Sparta should have led an alliance designed to
  protect Greece
• But this did not happen
• Because Spartan army could never be gone from
  city for long because of danger of helot uprising
• Could not therefore provide long-range military
  leadership required
• Persians still raided Asia Minor
• Naval power required to handle this threat
• Athens therefore became the head of new Greek
  alliance

11
DELIAN LEAGUE

• New alliance known as Delian League (478-77 BC)
• Sparta created smaller alliance called
  Peloponnesian League
• Purpose of Delian League was offensive and
  defensive
• Athens dominated decision-making process
• Military commanders were all Athenians
• Athens administered finances and took 50 of all
  loot
• Athens dominated the Delian League from the very
  start

12
EXPANSION OF ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY

• Athenian democracy continued to evolve under
  reforms of Pericles
• Fundamental motivation was military necessity
• With rise of Athenian naval power, the military
  importance of rowers increased
• Generally poor men who did hard physical labor
  for low pay under hazardous conditions
• Generally were not citizens
• Began to pressure government for political
  participation and rights
• Their demands were ultimately granted and thereby
  paved the way for an expansion of democracy in
  Athens

13
CIMON vs PERICLES

• Pericles most powerful rival was Cimon
• Successful general and talented speaker
• Advocated pro-Spartan foreign policy
• Pericles advocated opposite policy
• Advocated crippling Sparta before she would take
  inevitable revenge on Athens

Pericles
Cimon
14
PERICLES WINS

• Cimon insulted by Spartans when he arrived to
  help them put down revolt by helots
• Pericles used episode to work up public opinion
  against Cimon
• Cimon ultimately ostracized
• Pericles anti-Spartan orientation became
  official Athenian policy
• Athens makes alliance with Spartan enemies, Argos
  and Thessaly

15
OUTBREAK OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR

• Hostility between Athens and Sparta escalated
  until it culminated in war in 459 BC
• Spartan army blocked from returning from Boeotia
  by Athenian army
• Spartans retaliated by attacking Athens
• Resulted in Battle of Tanagra
• Spartans win but suffer such horrible losses that
  they return home

16
ATHENS GAINS THE UPPER HAND

• Athenians regroup and attack Spartas allies
  between Attica and the Peloponnese
• Especially Megora
• Blocked future invasion by Sparta
• By 457, Athens had Sparta bottled up and had firm
  control over rest of Greece
• Athens and Sparta sign 5 year truce in 455

17
CHANGES IN THE DELIAN LEAGUE

• Athens began to act unilaterally
• Did not consult allies in Delian League
• Did not even hold meetings anymore
• Naxos and Thasos tried to drop out of the League
  but Athens forced them to stay
• League funds began to be used exclusively for
  Athenian purposes
• By 446, Athens had clearly transformed the League
  into its personal empire

18
TROUBLE FOR ATHENS

• Argos left Delian League in 451 and made alliance
  with Sparta
• Boeotia did same in 446
• Megara broke free in 446
• Exposed Athens to land assault by Sparta
• Athens signs 30-year truce with Sparta
• Prompted by these reversals

19
SECOND PELOPONNESIAN WAR

• Truce remained in force for 15 years
• Sparta was afraid that Athenian power and
  imperialistic designs would inevitably lead to
  attack on her allies and Sparta itself
• Sparta went to war again against Athens in 446
• Because of Athenian attempts to take over Corinth
  and Megara
• Athens lost everything
• Because its allies used war to assert
  independence
• Because it wasted resources on useless attack on
  Sicily
• Because of internal turmoil after death of
  Pericles
• Because Sparta was aided by Persia

20
SPARTAN PROBLEMS

• Sparta won but did not emerged unscathed
• Population decimated
• Still tried to establish empire in Greece
• Broke down isolation which had long preserved
  Spartan society
• Left it open to corrupting influences from rest
  of Greece
• Fundamental egalitarianism of city-state broke
  down
• Power struggles erupted between different
  factions

21
MORE SPARTAN PROBLEMS

• Sparta experienced chronic manpower shortage in
  its army
• Increasingly forced to rely on mercenaries
• No longer had a citizen army
• Drained Sparta of economic resources
• Committed fundamental foreign policy errors
• Attack on Persians in Ionia allowed creation of
  anti-Spartan alliance in Greece
• Spartan forces defeated several times by members
  of alliance
• Slipped into the ranks of just another poor Greek
  city-state

22
END OF THE GOLDEN AGE
By 336, Thebes was completely exhausted and all
of Greece was in a state of chronic decay Too
weak now to defend itself against any foreign
invader who decided to attack Greece
Wasted its advantage in population and resources
in a series of useless wars
Thebes then emerged as the supreme power in
Greece and immediately tried to establish an
empire
Thebes
Thev