The Cold War

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The Cold War

• Decolonization, DeStalinization the Brezhnev
  Doctrine
• McKay 999-1007, Palmer 21.113

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The Cold War1945-1979
Helsinki Accords
Dr. Zhivago published outside USSR
Hungarian Uprising
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
U2 Incident (1960)
Prague Spring -Brezhnev Doctrine
Decolonization
1945 1956 1961 1968 1979
Ostpolitik (1963)
Dien Bien Phu (1954)
Kitchen Debate (1959)
Two Germans recognized by UN (1973)
Berlin Wall erected (1961)
Ich bin ein Berliner speech (1963)
Sputnik Launched (1957)
Crimes of Stalin Speech
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The Soviet Union1945-1953

• After WWII Stalin reinstituted oppressive rule
• Terror and oppression had been relaxed during
  Great Patriotic War
• Over 12 million Soviet Citizens died (1945-53) in
  Siberian Gulags
• Brutal forced-labor camps
• Eastern Bloc
• Soviet army installed one-party communist rule in
  Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, E. Germany,
  Romania, Bulgaria, Albania
• All had Five Year Plans that emphasized heavy
  industry (RR), and agriculture over consumer
  products
• Stalin purged 500 thousand Czechs, and hundreds
  of thousands of other eastern Europeans
• Only communist Yugoslavia (led by Marshal Tito)
  kept independence

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Nikita Khrushchev and De-Stalinization

• Stalin died in 1953
• Nikita Khrushchev emerged as the General
  Secretary
• Began policy of De-Stalinization
• Crimes of Stalin Secret Speech (1956)
• At the 20th Congress of the Communist Party
• Denounced godlike stature of Stalin his brutal
  rule
• Began Khrushchev Thaw
• Censorship was relaxed
• Gulags closed
• Gosplan shifted resources away from heavy
  industry military to consumer goods
• Peaceful coexistence
• Wanted to prove communism was better than
  capitalism on its own merits
• Tolerated anti-Stalinist views
• Boris Pasternak
• Wrote Dr. Zhivago (1956) which told story of an
  intellectual who rejects the brutality of the
  Bolsheviks and Stalin but ultimately dies
• Not published in USSR until 1988 but author was
  not expelled or jailed

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I won the Nobel Prize for literature. What was
your crime?, October 30, 1958

• Political cartoonist Bill Mauldin castigated the
  Soviet Union for not permitting Boris Pasternak
  to travel to accept his Nobel Prize

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The Hungarian Uprising (1956)

• Some Hungarians thought that the Crimes of Stalin
  speech was a sign of nod to democracy and self
  determination
• Imre Nagy
• installed as new leader by students and workers
• a liberal communist reformer
• Massive demonstrations demanded non-communist
  parties be legalized
• Began arming themselves
• Had ended collectivization
• Wanted to remove Soviet Troops, withdraw from
  Warsaw Pact
• Promised free elections
• This could lead to the end of communist rule in
  Hungary
• Soviets invaded
• Rebels hoped and expected US help which never
  came
• Soviets crushed rebellion
• Nagy executed

Imre Nagy, HungarianPrime Minister
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Hungarian Uprising (1956)
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Sputnik I (1957)

• 1st man-made satellite launched by Soviets
• USSR capable of hitting US anywhere with nuclear
  weapons
• Space Race began
• US Reaction
• National Aeronautics and Space Administration
  (NASA) formed
• B-52 fleet enlarged
• Submarines equipped with nuclear weapons
• Developed ICBM
• Educational system funding for science programs
  greatly increased

The Russians have beaten America in spacethey
have the technological edge!
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Sputnik (1957)
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The Kitchen Debate (1959)

• impromptu debate (through interpreters) between
  then U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet
  Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Moscow, on July 24,
  1959
• entire house was built that the American
  exhibitors claimed anyone in America could afford
• filled with labor saving and recreational devices
  meant to represent the fruits of the capitalist
  American consumer market
• About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend
  on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist.If you
  don't like us, don't accept our invitations,
  and don'tinvite us to come to see you. Whether
  you like it our not, history is on our side. We
  will bury you. -- Khrushchev, 1956

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The Kitchen Debate (1959)
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U-2 Spy Incident (1960)

• American U-2 pilot Gary Powers was shot down over
  Soviet airspace
• Eisenhower claimed that it was merely a weather
  plane
• Khrushchev revealed that Soviets possessed the
  plane, its spy cameras and the pilot himself
• Paris Peace Summit was canceled
• Cold War got colder

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Paris, 1961
Khrushchev JFK meet to discuss Berlin and
nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that
JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.
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The Berlin Wall (1961)

• 2-3 million East Germans escaped to West between
  1949-1961
• Brain Drain
• Many were best and brightest
• Krushchev threatened to enforce 1958 ultimatum
  for Allies to leave Berlin
• Soviets would protect E. Germanys sovereignty
• Built 28 mile fortified rampart complete with
  sentry stations
• Became enduring symbol of Cold War

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The Berlin Wall
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Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963)
President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West
is with them!
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The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

• Following the Bay of Pigs invasion, communist
  Fidel Castro looked to USSR for protection from
  the US
• Khrushchev sent military technicians and missiles
  to Cuba (1962)
• Began constructing missile silos
• U2 spy plane spotted sites
• JFK issued a 13 day quarantine and promised
  full retaliatory response
• Soviet denied missiles existence before UN
  Security Council
• Adlai Stevenson produced irrefutable photographs
• Soviet ships turned back from blockade at last
  minute
• Let to Khrushchev's downfall
• Foreign policy too reckless
• Agricultural policy not producing more food

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Cuban Missile Crisis
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
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Decolonization

• 33 of world population ruled by foreign power in
  1945
• Trend after WWII for colonial powers to give up
  or lose through attrition their colonial holdings
• WWII had reduced European power and destroyed the
  Western sense of moral superiority
• British resigned themselves that loss of empire
  was inevitable
• French gave up Syria and Lebanon But tried to
  hold onto Algeria Indochina

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British Decolonization

• India
• Independence movement led by Mahatma Gandhi
  (1869-1948)
• Studied law in GB
• Passive Resistance
• March to the Sea (salt) 1930)
• GB (mercantilistically) took raw cotton from
  India for its mills
• GB partitioned India in 1947
• India (Hindu majority) Pakistan (Muslim
  majority)
• displaced up to 12.5 million people
• estimates of loss of life varying from several
  hundred thousand to a million
• created an atmosphere of mutual hostility and
  suspicion between India and Pakistan
• Kashmir still major point of contention between
  India and Pakistan
• E. Pakistan broke away from India in 1971
  formed Bangladesh

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British Decolonization

• Palestine Mandate
• Former Ottoman-Syrian territory carved out after
  WWI and administered by British
• Balfour Declaration promised Zionists a Jewish
  State
• This conflicted with Laurence of Arabias
  nationalism spark and rise of Arab nationalism
• Illegal (exceeded quota) occurred during 30s as
  Jews fled Nazis
• Brits continued ban on immigration even after
  WWII
• Assination of Lord Moyne by Fighters for the
  Freedom of Israel led Churchill to turn against
  Zionist movement
• Bombing of King David Hotel in Jerusalem killed
  92 British gov. officials
• British under increased pressure from US handed
  over Mandate to UN Partition Plan (1947)
• British hampered by established a Jewish state
  inside of Palestine--which was divided into two
  states by the United Nations
• Arabs refused to accept this division
• Series of wars led to Israel conquest of West
  Bank, Golan Heights, and Gaza Strip

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British Decolonization Africa

• Africa
• During Scramble for Africa, European powers
  divided Africa and its resources into political
  partitions at the Berlin Conference of 1884-85
• 1905, Africa was almost completely controlled by
  Euros
• justified by White Man's Burden, an obligation to
  "civilize" the peoples of Africa
• During WWII amount of raw materials being
  transported to Europe and prompted the creation
  of local industries
• Which led to creation of new towns, which led to
  increased literacy, which allowed for
  pro-independence newspapers
• Atlantic Charter included provision for autonomy
  of imperial colonies.
• After the war, the British still considered
  their African colonies as "children" and
  "immature" they introduced democratic government
  only at the local levels
• Small elite western education nationalists led
  pressured GB to finally grant independence
• Characterized by planned decolonization
• Ghana (1957 and Nigeria (1960)

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French Decolonization

• Algeria
• Conquered by Charles X in 1830
• 20 of population was European by 1914
• Pieds Noir (black feet)- derogatory term for
  European immigrants
• Had larger say in gov than Arabs
• Violent clashes broke out in May 1945 b/t Pieds
  and Arab Algerians
• National Liberation Front (FLN) led guerilla
  attacks against French
• 4th Republic refused to give up
• Charles DeGaulle reentered politics
• Became president of 5th Republic (strong
  executive)
• Began strategic retreat from Algeria
• Marred by attempted coup in 1961 assassination
  attempts on DeGaulle
• Referendum in 1962 granted Algeria independence

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Vietnam War

• French tried to hold onto their SE. Asian Empire
• Communist/Nationalist Ho Chi Minh fought French
• Defeated French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954
• Geneva Conference in 1954 French recognized
  independence Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia
• Divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel until
  general election could be held in 56 to
  determine if a united Vietnam should be communist
  or parliamentary
• Ngo Dinh Diem (President of S.V.) feared the
  popularity of communists and refused to
  participate in nationwide election
• Viet Cong (expert insurgent guerrilla fighters)
  undermined S.Vietnamese government by
  redistributing land and calling Diem a puppet of
  the West
• Ho received aid from China and Soviets while
  South asked US for more aid
• Eisenhower viewed N.V. expansion as the 1st of a
  tumbling row of dominoes to spread communism
  and began to aid the South began gradual
  increase in aid

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The Vietnam War

• LBJ used supposed N. Vietnamese torpedo boat
  attack on US destroyers in Gulf of Tonkin as
  pretext to gain power to take all necessary
  measures
• Involved burning entire villages, defoliating
  hundreds of thousands of acres, countless
  refugees
• 550 thousand American soldiers by 69
• Tet Offensive shook American confidence that it
  could militarily win the war
• French president Charles De Gaulle called US
  detestable
• Had withdrawn France from NATO
• Protest movement grew in college campuses
  throughout Western Europe
• Compared war to imperialism
• Nixon promised (Vietnamization) but actually
  escalated the war (Invaded Cambodia)
• Kissinger negotiated a cease fire in January of
  1973 and troops left by March of 1973
• 12 year war ended in 1975 with Fall of Saigon

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The Prague Spring (1968)

• period of political liberalization in
  Czechoslovakia from January to August 1968
• Led by reformist Alexander Dubcek
• Reforms included a loosening of restrictions on
  the media, speech and travel
• Communism with a human face!
• Reform frightened hard liners
• Leonid Brezhnev
• General Secretary of Communist Party (1964-1982)
• Began period of Re-Stalinization economic
  stagnation
• Initiated massive arms build-up
• Re-Stalinization dictatorship was collective
  through the Politburo rather than 1 man
• Brezhnev sent 250 thousand troops
• Remained occupied until 1990

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Brezhnev Doctrine

• Brezhnev Doctrine
• USSR had the right to intervene in the name of
  proletarian internationism and to protect
  socialism from capitalism
• IE. the Bizzaro World opposite of the Truman
  Doctrine
• Really a political speech trying to justify
  invasion of Czech and Hungary (1956)
• Excuse to retain Soviet hegemony in E. Europe
• US only protested but brutal repression made
  Soviets look bad

Source Leonid Brezhnev, the General Secretary of
the Central Committee of the Communist Party of
the Soviet Union , speech at the Fifth Congress
of the Polish United Workers' Party on November
13, 1968 "When forces that are hostile to
socialism try to turn the development of some
socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes
not only a problem of the country concerned, but
a common problem and concern of all socialist
countries."
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Soviets Invade Czechoslovakia
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Ostpolitik

• Ostpolitik (1963)
• Willy Brandt, (W. German Chancellor) began to
  improve relations with E. Germany
• Change through rapprochement
• Wanted to settle the German Question
• Christian Democratic Party, led by Conrad
  Adenauer held power from 1949 to 1969
• refused to have any contact with the GDR
  government due to its undemocratic character
• Negotiated treaties with USSR, Poland and
  Czechoslovakia that accepted existing boundaries
  in return for peace
• Two German states within one German nation
• recognized as 2 independent nations at the UN in
  1973
• This greatly reduced Cold War tensions

Willy Brandt (left) and Willi Stoph in Erfurt
1970, the first encounter of a Federal Chancellor
with his East German counterpart
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Nixon China

• President Richard Nixon was more pragmatic than
  ideological (Machiavelli would love him)
• Pursued foreign policy of Realpolitik
• Pursued a balance of power (Remember Peace of
  Westphalia) policy by opening up relationships
  with seeming foes
• Used Western technology, trade, and investment as
  a carrot for international cooperation
• Soviets were in dire need of Western technology,
  loans, and grain
• Western bankers loaned to E. European nations
  who greatly benefited
• US recognized that bipolar (2 superpower) time
  was gone with growing power of China
• Said it would accept Peoples Republic of China
  into the UN in 1971
• 1972 Nixon (Mr. Anti-communist) visited Mao in
  Beijing to open up relations
• This put major pressure on the Soviets to pursue
  Detente

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Détente SALT

• Used Brandts model to ease tensions with
  Brezhnev
• Easing of tensions led to historic arms reduction
  treaty
• Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (which began
  under LBJ) resumed
• 1972 signed SALT I Treaty
• Reaffirmed peaceful coexistence
• Agreed to reduce it antimissile defense system
  and not increase offensive weapons for 5 years
• Didnt stop arms race but did cool tensions and
  reduce threat of preemptive strike

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Helsinki Accords

• Nations of NATO, Warsaw Pact, and 12 European
  nations met at Helsinki for a Conference on
  Security and Cooperation in Europe (1975)
• Pledged to work for peace, economic and cultural
  cooperation, protection of human rights
• Accord were not a formal treaty but set up
  Helsinki watch committees
• Surveillance of human rights in member nations
• the civil rights portion of the agreement
  provided the basis for the work of the Moscow
  Helsinki Group, an independent non-governmental
  organization created to monitor compliance to the
  Helsinki Accords
• USSR signed because didnt believe it would
  encourage dissent in its territory
• Noted as the high point of Cold War Détente
• Ended in 1979 with Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

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"Leonid Brezhnev had looked forward to the
'publicity he would gain... when the Soviet
public learned of the final settlement of the
postwar boundaries for which they had sacrificed
so much'... 'Instead, the Helsinki Accords
gradually became a manifesto of the dissident and
liberal movement'... What this meant was that the
people who lived under these systems at least
the more courageous could claim official
permission to say what they thought." Cold War
scholar John Lewis Gaddis in his book "The Cold
War A New History" (2005)