Unit 1: Psychology

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Unit 1Psychologys History and Approaches
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Unit Overview

• What is Psychology?
• Contemporary Psychology

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What is Psychology?
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Psychologys RootsPrescientific Psychology

• Ancient Greeks
• Socrates Philosopher/Teacher
• Plato Socrates student
• Mind is separate from body and continues after
  body dies
• Knowledge is born within us
• Derived principles by logic
  
  
• Aristotle Platos student, love of data
• Knowledge is NOT pre-existing but grows from
  experience
• Derived principles from observation

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Psychologys RootsPrescientific Psychology

• Rene Descartes
• Francis Bacon
• John Locke
• Tabula Rasa
  (blank slate)
• Empiricism

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Psychologys RootsPsychological Science is Born

• Wilhelm Wundt (1879)
• University of Leipzig Wundt and psychologys
  first graduate students studied the atoms of the
  mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig,
  Germany.
• This work is considered the birth
  of psychology as we know it today.
• Reaction time experiment

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Psychologys RootsThinking About the Minds
Structure

• Edward Titchener
• Structuralism
• introspection

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Psychologys RootsThinking About the Minds
Function

• William James
• wrote an important 1890 psychology
  textbook.
• Functionalism
• Mary Calkins
• APAs first female president
• Margaret Floy Washburn
• Experimental psychology

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Psychological Science Develops

• Sigmund Freud
• emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind
  and its effects on human behavior.

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Psychological Science Develops

• Behaviorism
• John B. Watson
• B.F. Skinner
• study of observable
  behavior

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Psychological Science Develops

• Humanistic psychology
• Carl Rogers
• Abraham Maslow
• Maslow and Rogers emphasized current
  environmental influences on our growth potential
  and our need for love and acceptance.
• Cognitive Neuroscience

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Psychological Science Develops

• Psychology
• Science
• Behavior
• Mental processes

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Contemporary Psychology
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Psychologys Biggest Question

• Nature Nurture Issue
• Biology versus experience
• History
• Greeks
• Rene Descartes
• Charles Darwin
• Natural selection

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Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis

• Levels of Analysis
• Biological
• Psychological
• Social-cultural
• Biopsychosocial Approach

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Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis
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Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis
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Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis
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Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives

• Biological psychology
• Evolutionary psychology
• Psychodynamic psychology
• Behavioral psychology
• Cognitive psychology
• Humanistic psychology
• Social-cultural psychology

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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychologys Perspectives

• Biological How are messages transmitted within
  the body? How is blood chemistry linked with
  moods and motives? To what extent are traits
  such as intelligence, personality, sexual
  orientation, and depression attributable to our
  genes? To our environment?
• Evolutionary How does evolution influence
  behavior tendencies?

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Psychologys Perspectives

• Psychodynamic How can someones personality
  traits and disorders be explained in terms of
  sexual and aggressive drives or as the disguised
  effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood
  traumas?

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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
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Psychological Perspectives

• Behavioral How do we learn to fear particular
  objects or situations? What is the best way to
  alter our behavior, say, to lose weight or stop
  smoking?
• Cognitive How do we use information in
  remembering? Reasoning? Solving Problems?
• Humanistic How can we work toward fulfilling
  our potential? How can we overcome barriers to
  our personal growth?

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Psychological Perspectives

• Social-cultural How are we humans alike as
  members of one human family? As products of
  different environmental contexts, how do we
  differ?

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Psychologys Subfields

• Psychometrics
• Basic Research
• Developmental psychology
• Educational psychology
• Personality psychology
• Social psychology

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Psychologys Subfields

• Applied Research
• Industrial/organizational psychology
• Human factors psychology
• Counseling psychology
• Clinical psychology
• Psychiatry

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Psychologys Subfields Research
Psychologist What she does
Biological Explore the links between brain and mind.
Developmental Study changing abilities from womb to tomb.
Cognitive Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems.
Personality Investigate our persistent traits.
Social Explore how we view and affect one another.
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Psychologys Subfields Research
Data APA 1997
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Psychologys Subfields Applied
Psychologist What she does
Clinical Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
Counseling Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges.
Educational Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings
Industrial/ Organizational Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.
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Psychologys Subfields Applied
Data APA 1997
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Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry

• A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies,
  assesses, and treats troubled people with
  psychotherapy.
• Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical
  professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like
  drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically
  diseased patients.

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Tips for Studying Psychology

• SQ3R
• Study Tips
• Distribute your study time
• Learn to think critically
• In class, listen actively
• Overlearn
• Be a smart test-taker

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The End
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Test Your Knowledge

• Link each of the statements regarding prosocial,
  or helping, behavior to the appropriate
  psychological perspective.
• By helping each other, we are more likely to
  survive and reproduce.
• Evolutionary
• 2. A specific brain region underlies our
  experience of empathy for persons in distress.
• Biological

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• Unconscious sexual motivation prompts our
  willingness to help others.
• Psychodynamic
• We are most likely to help those we perceive as
  similar to ourselves and who we believe deserve
  our assistance.
• Cognitive
• By helping others, we achieve a better sense of
  self-fulfillment.
• Humanistic

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• The willingness of people to help varies greatly
  across the worlds societies.
• Social-cultural
• Children who have been rewarded for helpful
  behavior are more likely to be helpful in future
  interpersonal interactions.
• Behavioral

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The End
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Definition Slide

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Definition Slides
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Empiricism

• the view that knowledge originates in
  experience and that science should, therefore,
  rely on observation and experimentation.

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Structuralism

• an early school of psychology that used
  introspection to explore the structural elements
  of the human mind.

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Functionalism

• a school of psychology that focused on how our
  mental and behavioral processes function how
  they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

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Experimental Psychology

• the study of behavior and thinking using the
  experimental method.

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Behaviorism

• the view that psychology (1) should be an
  objective science that (2) studies behavior
  without reference to mental processes.
• Most research psychologists today agree with (1)
  but not with (2).

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Humanistic Psychology

• historically significant perspective that
  emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
  and the individuals potential for personal
  growth.

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Cognitive Neuroscience

• the interdisciplinary study of the brain
  activity linked with cognition (including
  perception, thinking, memory, and language).

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Psychology

• the science of behavior and mental processes.

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Nature-Nurture Issue

• the longstanding controversy over the relative
  contributions that genes and experience make to
  the development of psychological traits and
  behaviors.
• Todays science sees traits and behaviors arising
  from the interaction of nature and nurture.

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Natural Selection

• the principle that, among the range of
  inherited trait variations, those contributing to
  reproduction and survival will most likely be
  passed on to succeeding generations.

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Levels of Analysis

• the differing complementary views, from
  biological to psychological to social-cultural,
  for analyzing any given phenomenon.

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Biopsychosocial Approach

• an integrated approach that incorporates
  biological, psychological, and social-cultural
  levels of analysis.

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Biological Psychology

• a branch of psychology that studies the links
  between biological (including neuroscience and
  behavior genetics) and psychological processes.

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Evolutionary Psychology

• the study of the roots of behavior and mental
  processes using the principles of natural
  selection.

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Psychodynamic Psychology

• a branch of psychology that studies how
  unconscious drives and conflicts influence
  behavior, and uses that information to treat
  people with psychological disorders.

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Behavioral Psychology

• the scientific study of observable behavior,
  and its explanation by principles of learning.

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Cognitive Psychology

• the scientific study of all the mental
  activities associated with thinking, knowing,
  remembering, and communicating.

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Social-Cultural Psychology

• the study of how situations and cultures affect
  our behavior and thinking.

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Psychometrics

• the scientific study of the measurement of
  human abilities, attitudes, and traits.

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Basic Research

• pure science that aims to increase the
  scientific knowledge base.

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Developmental Psychology

• the scientific study of physical, cognitive,
  and social change throughout the life span.

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Educational Psychology

• the study of how psychological processes affect
  and can enhance teaching and learning.

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Personality Psychology

• the study of an individuals characteristic
  pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

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Social Psychology

• the scientific study of how we think about,
  influence, and relate to one another.

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Applied Research

• scientific study that aims to solve practical
  problems.

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Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology

• the application of psychological concepts and
  methods to optimizing human behavior in
  workplaces.

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Human Factors Psychology

• the study of how people and machines interact
  resulting in the design of machines and
  environments.

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Counseling Psychology

• a branch of psychology that assists people with
  problems in living (often related to school,
  work, and marriage) and in achieving greater
  well-being.

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Clinical Psychology

• a branch of psychology that studies, assesses,
  and treats people with psychological disorders.

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Psychiatry

• a branch of medicine dealing with psychological
  disorders practiced by physicians who often
  provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as
  well as psychological therapy.

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SQ3R

• a study method incorporating five steps
  Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.