Overview of the Body

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Chapter 1 Overview of the Body
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Outline

• Introduction to Anatomy Physiology
• Human Body Orientation
• C. Body Positions
• D. Movement
• E. Body Regions

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A. Introduction
Anatomy (morphology) cutting up the
structural make-up of an organism Physiology
The functions of an organism
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Fine or Microscopic Anatomy examines
microscopic features of the body (cells /
tissues) Gross Anatomy examines features of
the body visible to the naked eye (systems /
organs)
Pathology study of human diseases
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B. Human Body Orientation
When the body is in Anatomical Position it is
1) in an erect posture, 2) with arms at
the sides, 3) palms feet facing
forward.
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Directional orientation refers to the view one
has of a person Directional planes describe
different ways a body can be viewed divided
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Directional Orientation

• Superior
• toward the head

• Inferior
• toward the feet

http//www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx
?IDAP12004
Ex. Lungs are superior to the diaphragm.
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Directional Orientation

• Medial
• toward the midline

• Lateral
• away from the midline

Ex. Big toe is medial to the little toe.
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Directional Orientation

• Proximal
• close to an attachment point

• Distal
• far from an attachment point

Ex. Elbow is proximal to the wrist.
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Directional Orientation

• Superficial
• towards the surface

• Deep
• away from
• the surface

• Deep
• away from
• the surface

Ex. Skin is superficial to muscles.
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Directional Orientation

• Anterior
• (Ventral)
• front view

• Posterior
• (Dorsal)
• back view

Ex. Chest is anterior to shoulder blades
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Directional Planes

• Sagittal Plane
• lengthwise planes dividing the body into right
  left sections

• Midsagittal Plane
• divides the body into equal halves

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Directional Planes

• Frontal Plane
• divides the body vertically into anterior
  posterior sections

• Coronal Plane
• anterior posterior sections referring to head
  region

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Directional Planes

• Transverse Plane
• divides the body horizontally into upper lower
  sections

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Concept Check 1

• Define anatomy.
• 2. What is the difference between the study of
  fine anatomy and gross anatomy?
• 3. Distinguish the difference between the terms
  physiology and pathology?

means to cut-up the study of the structure of
an organism
Fine anatomy studies microscopic features of
the body (lab) Gross anatomy studies larger
features that can be viewed with the naked eye
Physiology how anatomical features
function Pathology anatomical and
physiological studies of human disease
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Concept Check 2

• Distinguish between the terms lateral and medial.
• 2. What is the difference between the terms
  inferior and distal?
• 3. What are alternate terms for anterior and
  posterior?

Lateral means away from the midline Medial
means toward the midline
Inferior refers to a body part that is below
another Distal any body part that is located
far from an attachment point
Anterior ventral Posterior dorsal
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Concept Check 3

• What is the difference between a sagittal plane
  and midsagittal plane?
• 2. Define the term frontal plane?
• 3. What does transverse plane mean?

Sagittal divides the body lengthwise into
right and left sections Midsagittal divides
the body lengthwise into equal halves
Frontal plane divides the body vertically into
anterior and posterior sections
Transverse divides the body horizontally into
upper and lower sections
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C. Body postions
SUPINE body is lying face up
PRONE body is lying face down

• Lithotomy
• legs are placed on supports
• that hold the ankles and spread out the legs

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D. Movement

• Antagonistic opposing movements

Flexion ? ? Extension Abduction ? ?
Adduction Inversion ? ? Eversion
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E. Body Regions and Cavities

• Body regions are divided into general locations,
  abdominopelvic regions, and quadrants

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Bilateral body parts located laterally on both
sides of the body
Unilateral single body part found in a lateral
location
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• The human body is naturally divided into internal
  cavities

Dorsal cavity
Ventral cavity
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Ventral Body Cavity

• Thoracic cavity esophagus, heart, lungs,
• respiratory tree

Pleural cavities encase the lungs
Pericardial cavity encases heart
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Cutting Edge Research Smoking and the Thoracic
Cavity

• Pneumothorax condition in which one or both
  lungs collapse
• Spontaneous pneumothorax occurs in the absence
  of injury to the chest or lungs
• 7X more likely to occur in males than female
• male smokers are 20X more likely to develop SP
  
• than male nonsmokers
• female smokers are 9X more likely to develop SP
  
• than female nonsmokers

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• Abdominopelvic cavity abdominal and pelvic
  regions

Abdominal liver, gallbladder, intestines,
kidneys, spleen, stomach Pelvic
rectum, reproductve system, urinary bladder
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Abdominopelvic Regions Quadrants
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Dorsal Body Cavity

1. Spinal cavity spinal cord

1. Cranial cavity brain

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Online Review Game of Terms
http//www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?ob
jIDAP15405
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Concept Check 4

• Define the term antagonistic in relation to body
  movement.
• Distinguish between the terms flexion and
  extension.
• Name and describe the antagonistic movements for
  flexion, abduction, and eversion.

Antagonistic describes opposing movements
Flexion to bend a joint creates a smaller
angle between two body parts Extension
movement that straightens out a joint creates a
larger angle between two body parts
flexion ? extension abduction ?
adduction eversion ? inversion
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Concept Check 5

• Define the abdominopelvic region.
• What is the name of the center-most section of
  the abdominopelvic region?
• How does the quadrant system differ from the
  abdominopelvic sections.

the abdomen region lies just below the breasts
and the pelvic region lies just above the groin
umbilical region
simpler way to describe the body regions only
divides the abdominopelvic section in 4 parts
less detailed
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Concept Check 6

• What structures are found in the abdominopelvic
  cavity?
• Distinguish between the thoracic cavity and the
  spinal cavity.
• 3. What are the sections of the spinal cavity?

liver, gall bladder, intestines, kidneys, spleen,
stomach, reproductive organs, rectum,
Throacic cavity superior to lumbar region
encases esophagus heart, lungs, respiratory
tree Spinal cavity runs medially dorsally,
protects the spinal cord
Cervical region (neck) 7 Sacral region
(back of pelvic bone) Thoracic region (chest)
12 Coccyx region (tail bone) Lumbar region
(lower back) 5
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Case Study Investigation 1 Conclusion

• What region did the knife enter? How do you
  know?
• What organs can be found in this region? Why
  might it be dangerous if these organs are
  punctured?
• Why do you think the patient is having trouble
  breathing? Is there a name for this condition?

- knife entered the left hypochondriac region
caused redness and swelling in the pelvic region
- stomach, pancreas both produce chemical
capable of degrading the bodys internal parts
that may have settled at the bottom of the
abdominopelvic cavity
- Knife could have been pointing up and
penetrated the left portion of the thoracic
cavity puncture to the lungs may have caused
pneumothorax (collapsed lung)