Title: Chapter 23 The Great Depression, the New Deal, and World War II 1929-1945
1Chapter 23 The Great Depression, the New Deal,
and World War II1929-1945
- Section 1 Texas and the Great Depression
- Section 2 Texans Look for a New Deal
- Section 3 World War II Brings Change to Texas
- Pages 474-493
2Section 1Texans Go To War
- Objectives
- Identify and describe the Great Depression
- Analyze the impact of national and international
events on the production of goods and services in
Texas - Analyze the effects of physical and human factors
on Texas during the Great Depression - Terms/Names
- Stock, stockholder, speculate, crash, Black
Tuesday, Great Depression, Herbert Hoover,
unemployment rate, Dust Bowl
3Section 1 Summary
- The stock market crashed in 1929.
- Affected the whole US (including Texas)
- This time in history is known as the Great
Depression - During this time, many people were out of work
and they needed help
4Dark Days of October
5From Boom to Bust (3 slides)
- 1920s were good time for US businesses but not
farming - Crop prices fell
- Banks went out of business because farmers could
not pay debts - Other businesses that didnt do well
- Railroads
- Coal Mines
- Textile Industries
6From Boom to Bust, cont
- In 1920s, many people invested in the Stock
Market - Companies sell stock (shares in their companies)
to raise money and grow - Stock ownership in a corporation, usually
divided into shares - If the company does well, the stockholders get
their money back from their investmentsusually
make more money - Stockholder owner of the stock
7From Boom to Bust, cont
- In 1920s, people began to speculate on the stock
marketthey risked their money hoping that prices
would rise quicklythen they would sell the stock
and make a quick profit - Speculate to buy or sell stock in hopes of
making money from changes in the stock market - Other people used credit to buy stock they really
couldnt afford (buying on margin) - For a few years, rising prices as companies grew
made a lot of people rich - But, then the Stock Market crashed (October,
1929) - Crash a sudden decline or failure
8The Stock Market Crash of 1929 (2 slides)
- Thursday, October 24, 1929
- Stock holders sold a lot of stock (13 million
shares).Prices fell - Friday, October 25-Saturday, October 26, 1929
- To balance the falling prices, banks bought
stocksprices fell again - Monday, October 28
- Prices fell again
- Tuesday, October 29, 1929
- Stock holders sold more stocktrying to not lose
any more money (16 million shares) - So much money was lost on this daybecame known
as Black Tuesday
9Stock Market Crash, cont
- After Black Tuesday, stock prices kept falling
and people/banks lost 26 billion dollars - Prices of stock were lower than people bought
them forno way to make money on them - People couldnt pay debts
- Banks ran out of moneypeople lost all money they
had in banks - Factories, stores, businesses closed
- People lost jobs
10The Great Depression (2 slides)
- Lasted from 1929-beginning of WWII longest and
worst economic depression in US history - People lost homes and farms
- About ¼ of US workers didnt have jobs
- At first, Texas was not as bad off as other parts
of the country not as many Texans had invested
in the stock market, still more farmers, etc - Unemployment Rate wasnt as high in Texas as in
the North - Unemployment Rate the percentage of people who
are out of work
11The Great Depression, cont
- But as depression years continued, Texans
couldnt sell as much cottonprices dropped and
less demand - By 1933, many Texas businesses closed and many
Texans were out of work
12Images of Depression
13Cities Try to Help Texans Cope
- People ran out of money
- State couldnt help much
- So, city governments and civic organizations
stepped in to help - In Dallas/Ft. Worthcity chambers of commerce
sponsored gardening projects to help people grow
food - Some cities had plays/musicals to help raise
money - Some city governments paid Texans to build parks,
buildings, clean up cities, work on streets and
sewers, etc - Some cities allowed homeless Texans to live in
public buildings - But eventually even money for these type of
things ran out -
14Drought and Dust Torment Rural Texans (2 slides)
- Bad draught hit Great Plains area of US in mid
1930s (around1935) - Since the farmers couldnt grow crops, the fields
were just dirt - Then, the wind began to blow and dust covered
everything call black blizzards - So strong it blast the paint off cars
- Blocked sunlight for hours
- Killed animals and damaged peoples eyes and
lungs
15Drought and Dust, cont
- Between 1935-1937, things were so bad in Texas
Panhandle that 1/3 of farm families leftsame
thing going on in OK, KS, CO, NM - This region became known as the Dust Bowl
16America Dust and Depression
17http//static.howstuffworks.com/gif/dust-bowl-caus
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Dust Bowl Years
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18The Dust Bowl
19Women and Minorities Face Hard Times (2 slides)
- Depression years were especially hard on women,
African Americans, and Hispanics - Minorities fired to free up job for white person
- Women teachers were fired if husband had job
- White men had priority on jobs
- Many African American men/families were homeless
20Women/Minorities, cont
- So, many African Americans joined the Democratic
Party and the NAACPthis group worked to end
discrimination - Hispanics were denied monetary help
- They ended up leaving Texas
- In 1929, LULAC was formed (League of United Latin
American Citizens) - Helped Hispanics in Texas and helped to end
discrimination
21Minorities During the Depression
22Section 2Texans Look for a New Deal
- Objectives
- Analyze how New Deal reforms affected Texas
- Identify the leadership qualities of governors of
Texas during the 1930s - Explain how the Centennial Exposition of 1936
reflected the wide variety of people who lived in
Texas - Terms/Names
- Franklin D. Roosevelt, John Nance Garner, New
Deal, Sam Rayburn, WPA, NYA, CCC, AAA, Ma
Ferguson, James Allred, centennial
23Section 2Summary
- After the Great Depression, President Roosevelts
New Deal provided jobs, etc - But, the economy was slow to recover
- To cheer up the Texans, the state threw a giant
party to celebrate the Texas centennial
24Roosevelt Offers a New Deal (2 slides)
- In 1932, Franklin D. Roosevelt (democrat) was
elected president of US (defeated republican
Herbert Hoover) - VP was John Nance Garner
- nicknamed Cactus Jack from Texas
- President Roosevelt promised Americans that
better days were coming (that Depression would
end) - Campaign Song Happy Days are Here Again
25New Deal, cont
- Roosevelt passed new laws and created new
programs - To create jobs and improve the economy
- Program was called the New Deal
- Famous Texans during these years
- Sam Rayburn US Congressman
- Helped pass laws that outlawed the actions that
led to Great Depression - Jesse Jones
- Directed Reconstruction Finance Corporation
which gave money to banks and corporations to get
business started again - Created the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation) - Insures the money that people deposit into
banksso people wont lose money if banks fail
26Programs Put Texans to Work
- 2 New Deal Programs helped Texans
- WPA Works Progress Administration
- PWA Public Works Administration
- Gave people jobs building buildingsschools, post
offices, hospitals, etc - Gave writers, musicians, and artists jobs
- Texans worked for these agencies from 1935-1943
- Built River Walk in San Antonio
- Built San Jacinto Monument
- Built dams on lakes
- Wrote travel guides, performed plays, painted
murals, etc
27Providing Jobs for Youth
- NYA National Youth Administration
- Supported by Lyndon B. Johnson
- Gave jobs to young people aged 16-25
- Worked in offices, libraries, schools
- Built playgrounds and roadside parks
- CCC Civilian Conservation Corps
- Young people worked from 1933-1942
- Earned 30.00/month
- Built dams, state parks, helped to fight floods
if needed, helped preserve farmland, etc
28Helping Farmers
- New Deal programs helped farmers
- Programs to help soil conservation programs
- AAA Agricultural Adjustment Administration
- Paid farmers to plant fewer acres of
cropsproduced less/prices went up - Soil Conservation Service, AAA, CCC
- Taught farmers how to keep soil from blowing away
- Helped farmers plant trees
- Helped create ponds/reservoirs to collect water
29Ma Ferguson Returns
- Regardless of New Deal programs, things were
still tough in Texas - In 1932, Ma Ferguson elected again for governor
(replaced Governor Ross Sterling) - Cut state spending
- Cut taxes on many things except for oil tax
- She also did some corrupt things
- Gave federal relief funds to friends/political
supporters - Fired some of the Texas Rangersreplaced them
with some of her friends/supporters
30An Era of Lawlessness
- Crime nationwide increased during Depression
years - In Texaslots of killing and crime
- George Machine Gun Kelly
- Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow
- Texas Rangers tracked them down
- Killed by lawman Frank Hamer
- 1934, Texas elected new governor tired of
corrupt ways of Ma Ferguson - James V. Allred
- Created Department of Public Safety
- Created Texas Employment Commission
31Texas Celebrates Its Centennial
- 1936 Texas celebrated 100 years (Centennial) of
freedom from Mexico - Centennial one-hundredth anniversary
- Wanted a big celebration
- Built Fair Park in Dallas for 25 million
- Housed 50 buildings
- Cavalcade of Texas (showed 4 centuries of life in
Texas) - Hall of Negro Life
- Called Texas Centennial Exposition
- Site of first Worlds Fair in the Southwest
- Construction provided jobs for many Texans
32Section 3World War II Brings Changes to Texas
- Objectives
- Describe the contributions of Texans during World
War II - Analyze the economic impact of World War II on
Texas - Analyze the social impact of World War II on
Texas - Terms/Names
- Doris Miller, Dwight D. Eisenhower, valor,
Chester W. Nimitz, Oveta Culp Hobby,
Congressional Medal of Honor, Audie Murphy
33Section 3 Summary
- The end of the Great Depression happened when the
government started spending more money during
World War II - Many Texans contributed in many ways during the
waron the battlefield and at home - When World War II started, the Great Depression
ended
34The World at War Again (3 slides)
- Great Depression affected other countries as well
as the US - In some countries, dictators rose up and said
they could make life better - Once they were in power, they started attacking
other countries - This started World War II
- World War II 1939-1945
- US entered into World War II 1941
35The World at War Again, cont
- Allies
- Great Britain, France, Soviet Union
- Axis
- Germany, Italy, Japan
- US entered war when Japan dropped bomb on Pearl
Harbor on December 7,1941 - US sided with the Allies
- US declared war on Japan first then added Germany
and Italy a few days later
36The World at War Again, cont
- 750, 000 Texans served in World War II
- Including 12, 000 women
- Demand for goods for the war helped Texas
businesses - Dallas/Ft. Worth built airplanes
- Texas Gulf Coast towns launched warships and
cargo vessels - Texas oil helped with fuel
37The War Effort in Texas (2 slides)
- Texas trained many soldiers
- Had 15 major military bases
- Had 40 airfields
- Naval flight training base in Corpus Christi was
largest in world - Texas had prisoner-of-war camps
- 50, 000 prisoners-of-war
- Prisoners worked on farms and military bases to
help Allies
38The War Effort in Texas, cont
- Texans sacrificed with food
- They planted Victory Gardens
- They bought war bonds
- They collected scrap iron and old tires
- Women worked while men were at war
- See Women in the Workforce on p. 489
39A Bounty of Texas Heroes (3 slides)
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
- Born in Texas lived most of life in Denison, TX
- Supreme Allied Commander General
- Planned D-Day into Normandy, France in 1944
- Accepted Germanys surrender in 1945
- Elected presidentmainly due to his valor during
the war - Valor personal bravery
40Bounty of Texas Heroes, cont
- Admiral Chester W. Nimitz
- Commander of Pacific Fleet
- Turned back Japanese navy
- Was present when Japanese surrendered about the
USS Missouri on September 2, 1945 - Oveta Culp Hobby
- Wife of former Texas Governor, William Hobby
- Colonel of Womens Army Corp (WAC)
- Joined Navy, Coast Guard, and Marines
- Served as Womens Airforce Service Pilots (WASP)
- Provided air support for Allies
41Dwight Eisenhower
Chester Nimitz
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Oveta Culp Hobby
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42Bounty of Texas Heroes, cont
- 22,000 Texans died in World War II
- Many Texans received medals and commendations for
bravery - 30 Texans received the Congressional Medal of
Honor highest award given for bravery beyond
call of duty - Johnnie Hutchins (US Navy)
- Saved ship from a torpedo
- Steered ship out of torpedos pathdied holding
on the wheel of the ship - Had a ship named after him
43Diverse Groups Unite in the War Effort
- Minority Texans received honors
- 5 Medal of Honor recipients were Hispanic
- An Hispanic doctor, Dr. Hector Garcia, received
the Bronze Star and 6 battle stars - African Americans won medals
- Doris Miller (a man)
- Awarded the Navy Cross
- Manned a machine gun at Pearl Harbor and KIA
- Navy named a ship after him
- Cuba Gooding, Jr. played Miller in the 2001
movie, Pearl Harbor - Leonard Harmon
- Died while protecting a wounded ship mate
- Awarded the Navy Cross
- In 1943, was first African American to have a
ship named after himthe USS Harmon
44Congressional Medal of Honor US Army
Doris Miller
Johnnie Hutchins
45Audie Murphy
- Most decorated soldier in war
- US Army
- Received 33 awards
- Received every US medal for valor
- Received the Medal of Honor
- During a battle in France, he jumped into a
burning tanker ship, took control of the ships
guns, and killed or wounded 50 enemy soldiers,
stopped an enemy tank - From Farmersville, TX
- 35 miles northeast of Dallas
- Became an actor
46Texas After the War
- World War II ended in 1945
- US President Franklin D. Roosevelt
- Serving his 4th term
- He died in office
- VP Harry Truman took over as President
- Texas made the gradual change from a rural state
to an urban state - More sophisticated
- More dependent on industry and not as much on
farming - African Americans, Hispanics, and women were
determined to have equal rights
47Picture Sources
- http//www.amfirstbooks.com/IntroPages/ToolBarTopi
cs/Articles/Featured_Authors/Smith,_W._Leon/2010/A
rt/Army_Congressional_Medal_of_Honor.gif - http//www.navsource.org/archives/06/images/360/06
36001.jpg - http//www.navsource.org/archives/06/images/360/06
36004.jpg - http//www.history.navy.mil/photos/images/g400000/
g408456.jpg - http//www.warfoto.com/1audie.jpg
- http//www.military-money-matters.com/images/audie
-murphy.jpg