Special Issues in Human Nutrition

1
Special Issues in Human Nutrition

• IB Topic A.3
• Pages 230-236

2
What well be discussing

• Human milk or powdered milk for babies
• Recap
• Type II diabetes
• Ethical issues and meat consumption
• Reducing cholesterol
• Food miles

3
Human milk or powdered milk for babies

• Each species of mammal produces its own milk to
  suit the needs of its young
• No milk (cow, goat) is identical to human milk
• There are fundamental differences in the kinds of
  nutrient and ingredients found in human breast
  milk and those found in powdered infant formula
• Usually made from cows milk

4
Differences

• Human breast milk contains
• Amylase and lipase (enzymes)
• White blood cells (macrophages)
• Antibodies
• hormones
• These are not found in infant formula

5
Lactose and fats

• Human milk has about 50 more lactose than cows
  milk
• Lactose ? glucose to give energy
• Human milk has more cholesterol
• Essential for building cell membranes

6
Lactose intolerance

• Some babies are naturally lactose intolerant
• Negative reaction extremely rare
• Symptoms vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pang,
  rashes
• Treatment soy based formula
• Newborns need a substantial amount of lipids to
  build phospholipids for new cells and help build
  nerve cells
• To complete the fatty acid content in formula,
  oil is added from plant sources (palm, coconut,
  corn, soy, safflower)
• In humans, the amount of milk fluctuates during
  lactation to suit the babys needs
• In formula, the amount of fat stays the same

7
Protein

• Human milk has naturally lower levels of protein
  than cows milk
• Why? Humans do not need to grow as fast as calves
  do in their first year
• The levels of the amino acid taurine is higher in
  human milk
• Linked to brain development
• Were better at this than cows

8
Little Miss Muffet sat on a tuffet eating her
curds and whey

• Milk protein comes in two forms
• Whey
• Easily digested liquid form
• Curd
• More difficult to digest sold white form
• Curd is made of the protein casein
• Human milk
• 65 whey 35 casein
• Cows milk
• 18 whey 82 casein
• Animal milk is heat treated
• Proteins are denatured
• Increases the risk of allergic reaction in
  infants

9
Iron

• There is more iron found in infant formula than
  in human milk
• Why? Its easier to absorb the iron from human
  milk, so more iron has to be added to cows milk
  to compensate

10
Is breastfeeding right for my baby?

• Turn and talk
• Why might a woman choose to breastfeed?
• Why might a woman choose to use infant formula?
• Is there a right or wrong answer? And WHO should
  decide?

11
So, is breastfeeding right for my baby?

• Hot topic
• Beyonce, Selma Hayek
• Nothing is more nutritious for a baby than breast
  milk
• Some women choose to or cannot breast feed
• Not capable of making enough milk
• HIV or tuberculosis bacteria
• Breast implants
• Depends on the type of surgery
• Convenience

12
Turn to page 232

• Write down three arguments for and three
  arguments against breast feeding
• Benefits for mom?
• Reduced risk of breast, uterine, and ovarian
  cancer
• Reduced risk of osteoporosis
• Uterus return to normal after delivery
• Natural child spacing
• Breast feeding delays return to menstrual cycle

13
Homework

• Due Tuesday
• 16-19 page 237
• Due Wednesday
• 1-3 page 237
• Spring break assignment (due 4/9)
• Read topic 6.2 (transport system) and answer
  assessment statements on page 170

14
Type II Diabetes

• Type I and type II diabetes
• Both result in the body being unable to break
  down sugar in the blood
• Body does not produce insulin (type I) or does
  not respond to insulin (type II)
• Consequences
• High blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia)

15
Type II diabetes

• The more common form of diabetes
• Symptoms
• Being more thirsty
• Urinating more than usual
• Feeling tired all the time
• More infections than usual

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The (probable) causes

• Obese/overweight according to your book, after
  the age of forty
• But with rising rates of childhood obesity,
  younger people are being diagnosed
• Genetics?
• Native Australians Native Americans
• Family history?
• Nature vs. nurture

17
Treatment Consequences

• Treatment
• Special diet
• Balanced diet high in fiber increase complex
  carbohydrates cut down in sugar and fat
• Exercise
• Not treated with insulin injections
• Reversible
• Consequences
• High blood pressure eye damage kidney
  malfunction nerve disease stroke heart attack
• May be fatal

18
The birth of a vegetarian
19
Ethical issues and meat consumption

• The killing and eating of animals is necessary
  for survival of some species on Earth, but not
  necessarily for humans
• Meat is not an absolute necessity in the human
  diet
• There are many reasons people choose to not eat
  meat
• Religious, climatic, cultural, economic, ethical
• Well talk about the ethical

20
First, some background

• Vegetarians do not eat the flesh on any animal
  no meat, no poultry, no fish
• Some vegetarians do eat animal products
• Milk, cheese, eggs, dairy products, honey
• Strict vegetarians called vegans do not eat
  animal products
• For some, this goes beyond diet and may refrain
  from wearing animal products (leather, wool,
  silk)

21
Ethical reasons for adopting a vegetarian
lifestyle

• Killing sentient (anything with a nervous system)
  is wrong
• Raising animals for the sole purpose of slaughter
  is wrong
• Livestock production is wasteful misuses water
  and land
• Mass production industrial farming crude
  penning, cruel treatment, artificial light
• Fishing industry pollutes oceans and disrupts
  ecosystems

22
Arguments against vegetarianism

• Farm animals would not exist if not raised for
  food
• Meat and fish industries thousands of jobs
• Meat and fish can be grown in descent conditions
• Free range, cage free, organic practices
• Certain nutrients are not available in a
  vegetarian diet, especially a strict vegan diet