Final final review part three

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Final final review part three
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• The blood vessels and nerves of the skin are
  located in this layer

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• What is the hypodermis?

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• This procedure is used to cover traumatically
  damaged skin

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• What is skin grafting?

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• The growth layer of the epidermis

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• The basal or germinative layer (stratum
  germinativum)

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• The dead and shedding layer of the skin

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• The corny layer or stratum corneum

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• These provide the oil of your skin

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• Sebaceous glands

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• These structures cool your skin down and youll
  need to bathe from them

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• Sudoriferous glands

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• This cranial nerve dilates and constricts the
  arteries of your skin

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• The vagus nerve (carries sympathetic and
  parasympathetic fibers along this cranial nerve
  all over the body) Makes you blush, gives you
  HBP, and helps you digest food when you are
  relaxed

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• Five senses associated with the skin

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• Hot, cold, light touch, deep presssure, and
  vibration

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• The pigment of your skin is this and it darkens
  in sunlight (tans)

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• Melanin

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• This vitamin is stored in the skin because it is
  activated by sunlight

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• Vitamin D for strong bones it makes calcium stay
  in your bones and teeth

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• Why babies sometimes get sunlamps

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• Their underdeveloped livers at birth cause the
  accumulation of a chemical called bilirubin from
  hemoglobin breakdown when RBCs die. This is
  called jaundice and sunlight breaks the yellow
  bilirubin down so its not yellow

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• A cyanotic baby might be due to this event

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• Their foramen ovale remaining open so venous and
  arterial blood are mixing across the atrial
  septum detouring the lungs.

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• From now on you know a blister is known as
  __________if its small and __________if its large

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• Vesiclesmall blister while a bleb or
  bullalarge blister

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• Athletes foot is caused by _________while warts
  and cold sores are caused by _______

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• Fungi vs. virus

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• A bacterial infection usually in children in day
  care centers

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• Impetigo (caused by strep!)

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• The fear associated with young people having a
  streptococcus infection

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• What is heart damage associated with strep
  causing rheumatic fever!!!!!

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• Pruritic, maculopapular, scaly, non contagious,
  usually on knees and elbows

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• psoriasis

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• Flat topped lesion

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• Papule (nipple like)

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• Good news from a biopsy of a skin cancer

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• Basal cell CA (low risk of metastasis, as long as
  you dont ignore it)

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• Three ways to kill a fungus

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• Dryness (baby powder). It is a plant, after all.
  Sunlight kills this plant however but could you
  really sit under a sunlamp where you have a
  fungus?

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• These explain why your hair gets oily

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• Sebaceous glands empty their sebum (oil) into
  your skin

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• Five ways to treat acne

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• Wash face and hair at least daily
• Use benzoyl peroxide (astringent) to dry the oils
  in your skin
• Rx for antibiotics (they can be infected pustles
  sometimes)
• Grown up (teenage hormones increase sebum
  production therefore, zits!)
• Never pop a zit for it will reappear as an
  icepick scar as you age and your skin stretches
  them open
• Avoid certain foods like chocolate (yeah, right)
  and iodine containing shellfish and fried foods

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• Your vagus nerve has sympathetic fibers that
  constrict the arteries of your body. What is the
  effect of this on your blood pressure?

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• Hypertension you knew that sympathetic nervous
  system constricts vessels and gives you
  tachycardia to fight or flight response

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• Patients who are amelonotic used to be called this

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• Albino (no sun protection, cant tan no skin
  pigment)

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• A freckle is an example of this

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• A macule

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• When a pustule erupts, the lesion is described as
  this

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• Having a crust

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• The solution severe burn victims must be bathed
  for months in to keep their remaining
  dermis/hypodermis alive

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• What is saline or 0.9 sterile sodium chloride
  solution (the same as your body fluids) and also
  at your temperature (98.6)

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• Where ones pleasure centers are located in the
  brain and are probably associated with addictions

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• Hypothalamus of the diencephalon

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• Only this type of CVA responds to TPA

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• Ischemic type

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• A craniotomy is in order for this CVA

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• Hemorrhagic CVA

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• You are paralyzed on one size of the body only

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• Bells palsy

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• hemiplegia

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• Complete loss of muscle function on one side of
  your face is this disease

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• Bells palsy (facial branch of the trigeminal
  nerve)

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• Mainly males, paralysis, death by 20

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• Muscular dystrophy

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• Females mainly and demyelenating, might be
  terminal

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• Multiple sclerosis

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• The police test this part of your brain if they
  suspect you are not in control of your vehicle

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• Cerebellum

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• If the sutures of the cranium arent open in a
  neonate, this condition might ensue

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• Microcephaly (tiny headed ) baby will probably
  have brain growth damage (CP)

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• The EKG shows erratic, static like brain waves
  what is the patient experiencing?

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• Epileptic seizure

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• Fixed, non moving spasm

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• tetanic

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• Reciprocating spasm

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• clonic

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• Single, jerk of a muscle

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• A tic or twitch

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• Wormlike waves of of spastic contractions

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• athetosis

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• Chick pox rewakened

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• Shingles

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• Partial, possibly temporary paralysis

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• paresis

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• Permanent malfunction of muscles due to brain
  damage

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• Cerebral palsy

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• Childhood schizophrenia

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• autism

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• Cortisone steroids are the universal treatment
  for this group of disorders

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• Autoimmune diseases

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• Three side effects of cortisone

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• High blood pressure due to water retention
• Elevated blood sugar levels (beware of diabetics)
• Easier to get infected due to immunosuppressive
  effect
• Slow to heal wounds for the same reason

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• Drug to alleviate water retention

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• diuretic

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• Drug to make you throw up

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• emetic

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• Drug to make you poop

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• laxative

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• Drug to kill the pain

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• analgesic

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• Drug to numb the pain

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• anesthetic

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• Drug to kill bacterial life forms

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• antibiotic

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• Drug to reduce clotting

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• Blood thinner (ASA or plavix)

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• Drug to stop excessive pooping

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• Anti-diarrheal

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• The minimun portion of brain needed to have vital
  signs

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• The medulla oblongata

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• Joins the right and left hemispheres together

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• The corpus callosum

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• The line on the brain surface that separates the
  temporal and frontal lobes

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• Sylvian fissure

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• Where most medications interrupt neural
  transmission and thereby are beneficial

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• By blocking up the receptor sites of the
  dendrites so neurotransmitters dont cause things
  like acid stomach and allergic reactions
  (prilosec and claritin)

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• The elbow

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• The olecranon

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• The socket of the hip

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• The acetabulum

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• Traumatic cervical sprain

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• whiplash

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• Why a shot of penicillin wont help your
  meningitis

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• Blood brain barrier

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• These accelerate the conduction of impulses along
  myelinated nerves

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• The nodes of ranvier

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• In systole (the ventricles are contracting) these
  valves are open and these are closed

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• The semilunar valves must be open to allow the
  exiting blood to go out the aorta and pulmonary
  artery. The AV (bicuspid and mitral Valves) must
  be closed or blood will regurgitate back up to
  the atria and youre dead!

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• For an arrhythmia you might need this type of care

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• Surgical implantation of an electronic pacemaker
  to prevent you from missing any beats and either
  fainting or dying

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• The part of the circulatory system in which blood
  must be flowing the slowest

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• What is the capillary? Millions of them and they
  dont have any blood pressure left so oxygen can
  diffuse gently across the thin capillary lining

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• Name five pulses in your body

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• Carotid (in the neck to supply the brain)
• Brachial (in the upper arms) you use for taking
  blood pressures
• Radial pulse (wrist artery from the brachial for
  taking your pulse)
• Femoral ( in the groin) supplies the legs and is
  used for heart catheterizations)
• Aortic pulse (you doctor palpates in your belly
  to determine if you have an aneurysm)

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• If a heart attack causes your P wave to
  disappear, where was the heart attack?

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• In the atrium because the P wave is from your
  atria contracting

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• If the atrium on the right is contracted, what
  might your heart rate now be?

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• Bradycardiac due to possible loss of the SA node.
  Now the AV node takes over and it only causes
  40-60 bpm

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• Your QRS wave is gone on your EKG where was your
  heart attack?

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• The ventricles good heart rate but poor blood
  pressure since the powerful ventricle cant push
  blood very well if they died

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• Plasma thats left alone

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• serum

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• Too many white blood cells due to cancer of the
  bone marrow but they have no antibodies so
  victims very susceptible to infections and have
  no room in their blood for RBCs so they cant
  breathe and are cyanotic

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• Leukemia! Need RBC transfusions, oxygen tanks,
  lots of antibiotics, sterile environment,
• Marrow transplants!!! Please donate blood to
  keep them alive

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• To make up for the fact that veins dont have a
  lot of blood pressure to move their blood, nature
  gave them this added feature to move the blood
  along better

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• Valves!

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• Two clotting factors you must have in your
  thrombocytes

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• Prothrombin and fibrinogen

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• Four methods of treating phlebitis

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• Blood thinners (ASA), elevation, compression,
  exercise

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• Three effects of histamine

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• Vasodilation of arteries (therefore, erythema of
  the skin you look pink and fluids seep out of
  your blood giving you swollen, runny mucous nasal
  membranes) and chest congestion, and the warmth
  of your blood is easily released from the dilated
  vessels so you feel warm and shiver as a result
  of the loss of heat.

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• Four signs of inflammation

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• Edema, hyperthermia, dolor (pain), erythema
• And if an allergic inflammation, add on pruritis
  (itching)

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• Four types of anemia

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• Iron deficiency (usually girls and vegetarians
  who dont eat spinach)
• Sickle cell (flattened RBCS, African heritage,
  cells clump causing CVAs and Mis in teens under
  physical stress
• Pernicious anemia (in the elderly due to
  inability to absorb Vit B12 in the stomach from
  age and RBCs dont mature
• Aplastic anemia carcinoma of the marrow(fatal)

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• Stretched artery vs. a narrowed artery name both

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• Aneurysm vs. stenosis (often a stenosis of
  arteriosclerosis is distal to a developing
  aneurysm

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• The motion you do when you take a bow

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• Flex the hip

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• You are dancing the twist, at the waist/ What
  plane are you twisting in?

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• The transverse

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• Youre dancing en pointe. What position is your
  ankle in?

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• Flexed (bringing two ventral surfaces together
  and they are in the back in the lower leg)

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• The only artery with venous blood

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• Pulmonary artery from the right ventricle, to the
  lungs

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• Two acids causing the burn when muscles exercise

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• Lactic from carbohydrate metabolism and carbonic
  from CO2 buildup from burning O2

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• The site of protein manufacture in the cell and
  the site of carbohydrate manufacture

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• Endoplasmic reticulum for proteins and Golgi
  apparatus for carbohydrates

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• The stages of mitosis

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• PMAT

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• The chemical we store energy in from
  mitochondrial activity

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• ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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• Four ways to treat hypertension yourself

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• Lose weight
• Stop eating salt (retains water, increases your
  blood volume)
• Relax (do yoga, meditate)
• Exercise
• Eat low fat foods and dont fry food, steam it or
  grill it
• Fresh fruits and vegetables

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• Cells with antibodies

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• Agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)

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• What has to happen for clotting to start

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• You must break a thrombocyte to release clotting
  factors for the clotting sequence to start

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• A new infection would show up on your CBC as this

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• Elevated neutrophiles

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• A piece of a thrombus

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• An embolus

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• The type of wound a scraped knee is

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• An abrasion

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• A punctured thorax can cause this condition

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• Atelectasis (a collapsed lung due to pneumothorax
  (air in the thorax) or hemothorax (blood in the
  thorax). Need a chest tube to suck either out so
  the lung can inflate

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• THE END (WHEW!)