World War II

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World War II
2
Prelude to Global War

• U.S. and other developed countries suffered from
  severe economic depression
• Europe became a hotbed of tension. . . several
  factors would lead to a second world war.

3
Causes of WWII

• Major factors that set stage for world war
• Treaty of Versailles
• Rise of Dictators
• Appeasement

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1. Treaty of Versailles

• Ended WWI (1919)
• Germany forced to
• Accept War Guilt Clause
• Give up territory
• Pay reparations
• Reduce armaments
• Germany resented this treaty
• Wanted revenge

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2. Rise of Dictators

• Dictator totalitarian leader with ultimate power
• Totalitarian leaders rose to power in
• Italy
• Soviet Union
• Japan (military leaders)
• Germany

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Mussolini in Italy

• Benito Mussolini founded Fascist Party in Italy
  after WWI
• Fascism welfare of state (nation) is placed
  above that of the individual
• Became leader of Italy in 1922
• Called himself Il Duce the leader
• http//www.rhul.ac.uk/Resources/graphics/news-imag
  es/mussolini.jpg

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Stalin In the Soviet Union

• Josef Stalin rose to power after the death of
  Lenin in 1924
• Brutal and ruthless
• Signed non-aggression pact with Germany

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Military Leaders in Japan

• Military became more important during the
  Depression years
• Japan wanted to control Asia
• Needed natural resources
• 1931-Invaded Manchuria, a province of China, for
  resources
• U.S. became alarmed
• Cut off trade with Japan
• Began to build up military presence in Pacific

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Hitler in Germany

• Adolf Hitler

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Adolf Hitler

• Recruited by military to keep tabs on German
  Workers Party
• He later joined the party became leader
• Party renamed the Nazi Party
• Swastika is symbol for the party
• He led a revolt against govt. in 1923
• Failed, arrested and sentenced to 5 yrs. in
  prison
• Only served 9 months

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Mein Kampf

• Autobiography written while imprisoned
• Mein Kampf- My Struggle
• Outlines Nazi philosophies
• Hitler blamed Germanys loss in WWI on Jews and
  Communists b/c he believed they weakened the
  country
• In the book, Hitler calls for military expansion
• Believed Germans to be of a superior race
• Aryan blond, blue-eyed
• Need for purification in Germany to remove the
  weak and undesirable

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Hitler and the Nazi Party during the Great
Depression

• Nazi Party grew in popularity in the 20s and
  30s
• Germany suffered from terrible econ. Conditions
• Depression caused severe inflation
• War reparations caused further strain on govt.
• Made promises that appealed to the people
• Food, jobs, strong military

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Hitler and Nazi Germany

• Germanys govt. (1919-1933) was called the Weimar
  Republic
• Jan. 1933- Hitler was named Chancellor (2nd in
  command) of Germany
• Paul von Hindenburg was President
• 1934 Hindenburg died
• Hitler became sole ruler- the fuhrer

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Hitler and the Third Reich

• Gestapo Nazi Germanys secret-police
• SA Brownshirts military group that supported
  Hitler during rise to power
• led by Ernst Rohm
• After becoming Fuhrer, elites of SA became the SS
• Led by Heinrich Himmler
• Terrorized opposition persecuted Jews,
  Communists, Gypsies
• 1934 Rohm was arrested he and 200 other former
  SA were executed- accusations of disloyalty
• Called Knight of the Long Knives
• Hitler Youth org. for students promoted
  Hitlers beliefs
• Censorship of books, etc. to eliminate
  un-German literature
• Nuremberg Laws (1935) German-Jews lost
  citizenship, forced to register w/ govt. and wear
  yellow star of David on clothing for
  identification

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3. Appeasement

• Appeasement policy of giving someone what they
  want
• Hitler wanted to unite German-speaking people of
  Europe
• 1936 Invaded Rhineland (DMZ bordering France)
• 1938 Annexed Austria
• 1938 Annexed Sudetenland (part of
  Czechoslovakia)
• Czech. Was closely tied to England
• Munich Conference Sept. 1938
• Britain and France agreed to allow Hitler to keep
  new lands IF he promised not to invade any other
  territories

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4. Spanish Civil War

• 1936-1939
• Spanish-fascists try to overthrow the democratic
  govt. in Spain
• Rebels led by Francisco Franco
• U.S. Britain supported the loyalists of the
  Republic of Spain
• Italy and Germany supported Franco
• Franco won
• Although Spain remained neutral during WWII, the
  major alliances during the war can be seen in the
  Spanish Civil War.

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The War Begins
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Invasion of Poland

• September 1, 1939 World War II began with the
  German invasion of Poland
• Great Britain and France declared war on Germany
  on September 3.

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Major Alliances during WWII

• Allied Powers
• Great Britain
• France
• Soviet Union
• United States

• Axis Powers
• Germany
• Italy
• Japan

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Blitzkrieg

• Hitler used a tactic called Blitzkrieg Lightning
  Warfare to easily defeat Poland
• Massive coordinated air and land attacks
• Poland fell to Germany in October 1939

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German Advance into Western Europe

• Hitler went north and easily defeated the
  Netherlands and Denmark
• May, 1940- Hitler launched blitzkrieg through
  Luxembourg and Belgium in route to France.
• Great Britain and France move most of their
  forces north to defend French border w/ Belgium.
• Crucial mistake b/c it left French border with
  Luxembourg under defended. Germans easily pushed
  into France.

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France falls to Germany

• The Allies were trapped to north as Germans moved
  into France.
• Unable to retreat and were forced to quickly
  evacuate by air and water.
• Thousands of Allied troops died and they were
  forced to leave behind valuable supplies
• June, 1940 France fell to the Germans.
• Hitler set up a puppet government in France to
  help maintain control of the newly conquered
  territory

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The Battle of Britain

• Great Britain refused to give up
• Winston Churchill (P.M. of G.B.) said we shall
  never surrender
• G.B. was separated from rest of Europe by English
  Channel and Hitler knew he would have to attack
  by air
• Sent his Luftwaffe (air force) to attack Britain
• Known as the Battle of Britain

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Battle of Britain

• Britain was defended by the Royal Air Force (RAF)
• RAF used a new technology to help defeat German
  pilots
• Radar could detect incoming planes and intercept
  them
• Great Britain was able to hold out. By November,
  1940, Hitler changed his tactics and cancelled
  the invasion of Britain

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Hitler turns on the USSR

• The Soviet Union and Germany had signed a
  non-aggression pact before the war began
  (Nazi-Soviet Pact)
• Hitler saw USSR as a great place to conquer new
  lands
• He went back on his agreement with Stalin and
  invaded the Soviet Union in June, 1941.

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United States Joins the War
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Tension with Japan

• U.S. and Japanese relations were very tense
• Japan was sinking Allied ships- U.S. angered
• U.S. cut off trade with Japan and began sending
  aid to China (most of which was under Japanese
  control)

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Pearl Harbor

• Japanese continued negotiations with U.S.
• Secretly planning a surprise attack
• Wanted to cripple the U.S. fleet in the Pacific
• U.S. feared attack was imminent, but did not know
  where
• Believed the U.S. controlled Philippines was the
  most likely target
• Attack came at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

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Pearl Harbor

• December 7, 1941
• Japanese surprise attack at Pearl Harbor
• U.S. suffered heavy damage
• Over 2,000 men and women killed
• 21 ships sank or destroyed
• 188 planes destroyed
• December 8, 1941 U.S. Congress voted to declare
  war on Japan
• December 11- both Italy and Germany declare war
  on the U.S.

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The Early Battles

• War took on two major fronts
• Europe
• Pacific
• Allies were not ready for an invasion into
  mainland Europe
• Began to attack German-controlled territory in
  North Africa

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WWII in North Africa

• German forces in Africa led by Erwin Rommel-
  nicknamed Desert Fox
• British and U.S. planned to trap Rommel in N.
  Africa and force his surrender
• British moved in from the east
• Eisenhower and George Patton led the U.S. forces
  from the west
• U.S. invasion of Africa known as Operation Torch
• By 1943, Germans had lost control of Africa

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Battle of the Atlantic

• Throughout much of the war, Germans used
  submarines to control the waters of the Atlantic
• Sank hundreds of Allied ships
• Destroyed millions of tons of supplies and cargo
• Allies began to employ use of radar, sonar, and
  depth charges to fight subs
• Were slowly able to take control of the Atlantic

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Turning Point in Europe

• Battle of Stalingrad turning pt. in Europe
• May 1942, Hitler ordered troops to advance into
  the heart of Soviet Union
• Wanted to seize Stalingrad and crush the Soviet
  economy
• Reached city in Sept., but Soviets refused to
  give up
• By Nov. Germans were in trouble
• Running short on supplies and unable to deal with
  harsh winter
• Feb., 1943 Germans lose Battle of Stalingrad and
  are forced to retreat

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Germans put on the defense

• By 1943, Germans were on the defensive, no longer
  gaining ground
• Allies began extensive bombing in Germany
• Dropped 53,000 tons of explosives each month
• Allies began invasion of Sicily and Italy

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Allied victory in Italy

• Allies move from North Africa into Sicily and
  Italy
• Sept. 1943- Mussolini was overthrown and Italy
  seemed ready to surrender
• Hitler sent reinforcements to protect Mussolini
  and Italy
• Rome liberated in June, 1944
• Some fighting continued until April, 1945
• Mussolini attempted to flee the country was
  captured and executed (April, 1945)

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Operation Overlord

• Allies began to plan a massive invasion of
  western Europe to liberate France
• Code named Operation Overlord
• Millions of troops and supplies were sent to
  England to await D-Day
• Allies planned to cross the English Channel and
  storm the beaches of Normandy

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Operation Overlord

• Allies had to wait for the perfect opportunity to
  launch the invasion
• On June 6, 1944, Eisenhower gave order for D-Day
  invasion to begin
• Hundreds of thousands of Allied troops landed on
  the beaches
• U.S. landed on beaches code named Utah and
  Omaha
• Met heavy resistance by Germans, but were able to
  break through and advance toward Paris

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Liberation of Paris

• D-Day invasion was a success
• August 25, 1944- Paris was liberated from Nazi
  control
• Allies begin to push Germans back
• Soviet Union advancing from the east
• U.S., France and Great Britain advancing from the
  west

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Battle of the Bulge

• Germany was losing ground and Hitler decided to
  make one last offensive move
• Dec., 1945- German troops met Allied troops in
  the Ardennes Forest near the German border
• Hit Allies so hard it caused their lines to bulge

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Battle of the Bulge

• Germans were aided by poor weather conditions
• Allies were nearly defeated, but received
  critical reinforcements
• January, 1945 Allies were able to defeat the
  Germans at the Battle of the Bulge (Battle of
  Ardennes Forest)

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Victory in Europe
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler

• Allies continued to advance toward Germany
• April 30, 1945 Hitler knew his war was over
• Committed suicide and his body was burned
• May 7, 1945 V-E Day (Victory in Europe)
• Germans officially surrendered
• War was over in Europe

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World War II in the Pacific
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War in the Pacific

• Days after Pearl Harbor, Japan attacked the U.S.
  in the Philippines
• U.S. lost control of the islands in spring, 1942
• Gen. Douglas MacArthur promised the Philippines
  that he and the U.S. would return to liberate
  them from Japanese control

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Fighting in the Pacific

• Japan continued to attack the U.S. fleet and
  seize islands in the Pacific
• U.S. needed to gain control of islands closer to
  Japan in order to launch attacks on Japan

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Turning Point in the Pacific

• Japan attempted another surprise attack at Midway
• U.S. was ready, able to defeat Japan
• Stopped the Japanese advancement into the Pacific
• Battle of Midway June 4-7, 1942
• turning point in the Pacific

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Island Hopping

• After victory at Midway, the U.S. began using
  island hopping
• Randomly attack and seize Pacific Islands
• See map on Page 636

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Iwo Jima

• U.S. wanted to capture island closer to Japan
• Chose Iwo Jima for location
• Feb, 1945 60,000 Marines landed on Iwo Jima
• Brutal fighting until March, 1945
• U.S. seized island
• Use island to launch bombing raids in Tokyo

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Okinawa

• April- June, 1945 U.S. invasion of Okinawa
• Island 350 mi. off Japans coast
• Captured the island
• Yet, Japan still fought on

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The Manhattan Project

• April 12, 1945 FDR died in office
• His V.P. Harry Truman took office
• Truman soon learned of a new technology
• The Atomic Bomb
• Manhattan Project secret plan to build an atomic
  bomb
• Very few people knew about it
• July, 1945 first successful detonation of the
  bomb

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Truman uses the bomb

• Japan seemed unwilling to surrender
• Truman weighed options for the next move
• Invade Japan OR use the bomb
• He decided to use the bomb, wanted to save
  American lives
• August 6, 1945 atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima
• 80-120,000 people died instantly
• Thousands more died from burns or radiation
  sickness

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Hiroshima
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Victory in Japan

• Japan still refused to surrender
• August 9, 1945 2nd atomic bomb dropped on
  Nagasaki
• After threats of a 3rd bomb, Japan finally agreed
  to surrender
• August 15, 1945 V-J Day, victory in Japan

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Building a new world
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The United Nations

• United Nations was created before war was over
• April, 1945 delegates from 50 countries met in
  California to create the UN
• UN was created as an international peace-keeping
  organization
• Still exists and very influential in
  international affairs

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Building a New World

• At the end of WWII, most of the industrialized
  nations of the world were crippled by the war.
• Only the U.S. and the Soviet Union stood strong
• U.S. and USSR emerged as competing super-powers.
• Thus, the Cold War!