Learning!

1
Learning!

• Psychology
• Ms. Rebecca

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Do Now

• What are some good habits you have? Ex
  Brushing your teeth after eating, exercising,
  eating healthy, doing homework etc

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Why should we care about learning?

• 1. Learning principles can help us to get over
  fears, learn good habits, and unlearn bad habits.
• 2. It can also help us to reach our full
  potential as students and people in general!

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Why is it part of Psychology?

• Learning is a psychological process that shapes
  us into the people we are today, and who we will
  be in the future!

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?s to answer by end of lesson

• 1. What are the 2 main types of conditioning and
  how do they work/differ from one another?
• 2. How can operant conditioning help someone to
  get over a fear?
• 3. What types of reinforcement can be used to
  help change behavior?
• 4. What is the difference between latent learning
  and observational learning?

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Multiple Choice Test

•  
• Ivan Pavlov is famous for his findings on
  classical conditioning by testing the effects of
  ringing a bell on.....
• people
• rabbits
• frogs
• dogs
•  
• The idea that you can learn how to swing a golf
  club by watching someone else do it is called
• Latent learning
• Observational learning
• Positive reinforcement
• Programmed learning
•   
• Learning that is hidden in your subconscious
  until it is needed (like when you remember when
  things are in your kitchen only when you need to
  use them) is called
• Latent learning
• Programmed learning
• Observational learning
• Media learning
•   

• Conditioning children to like going to the doctor
  by giving them candy every time they go to the
  doctor is an example of _____________________.
• Classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning
• Aerobic conditioning
• Counter conditioning
•  
• Food, water and warmth are all examples of
  _________________
• Primary reinforcers
• Secondary reinforcers
• Building reinforcers
• None of the above
•  
• Money, attention and social approval are all
  examples of __________________.
• Primary reinforcers
• Secondary reinforcers
• Life reinforcers
• None of the above
• True/False

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Key Terms

• Classical conditioning
• Stimulus/response
• Ivan Pavlov
• US, UR, CS, CR
• Extinction
• Taste aversion
• Spontaneous recovery
• Flooding
• Systematic desensitization

• Operant conditioning
• B.F. Skinner
• Primary/secondary reinforcement
• Positive/negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• Other types of reinforcement
• Latent learning
• Observational learning

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Learning

• Anything we are born NOT knowing how to do must
  be learned.
• Ex reading, walking, talking.

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How do we learn things?

• Many different ways
• Watching others
• Reading books
• Trying something new.

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A Day at the Beach Activity

• Relax and close your eyes

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Jaws Ex of Classical Conditioning!

• Shark fear
• Jaws Music youve learned to think of a shark
  and feel afraid
• Music originally made you feel nothing (or still
  doesnt if you havent seen the movie)

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Classical Conditioning

• We learn to do something or not to do something
  based on a stimulus and a response to that
  stimulus.

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Stimulus

• Something that produces a reaction.

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late_chip-cookies.jpg
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Response

• The reaction a person or animal has to something
  (stimulus).

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homer-712749.gif
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Another Example

• You really like a song on the radio. Every time
  you hear that song you feel happy and you want to
  dance.

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Example Continued

• Stimulus Music
• Response feeling happy and wanting to dance.

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Classical Conditioning

• Learning to respond to a stimulus in a certain
  way.

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Example

• When we eat food, its normal for our mouths to
  produce saliva to digest the food. This is NOT a
  learned behavior.

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BUT

• It is NOT normal to produce saliva when we are
  simply SMELLING food because we dont need to
  digest smells.

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Classical Conditioning

• The reason that you drool or make saliva when you
  smell delicious food is because you are
  classically conditioned to do this.

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Classical Conditioning

• We have learned that when we see and smell
  delicious food nearby, we will probably get a
  chance to eat it, which will require saliva.

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er.jpg
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2 Stimuli become associated with one another

• Stimulus 1 Smell of food
• Stimulus 2 Eating food

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Ivan Pavlov Rings a Bell

• Dogs learned from experience that when Pavlov
  rang a bell, they would be fed.

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Ivan Pavlov Rings a Bell

• The dogs learned to salivate when they heard the
  bell, because they associated the bell with being
  fed.

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Ivan Pavlov Rings a Bell

• Stimulus 1 Being Fed
• Response 1 Salivating
• Stimulus 2 Bell Ringing
• Response 2 Salivating

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/2008/12/dog-food1.jpg
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But its not called Stimulus/Response 1 and 2

• Unconditioned Stimulus
• Unconditioned Response
• Conditioned Stimulus
• Conditioned Response
• Note Things that are conditioned must be learned

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Unconditioned Stimulus

• Stimulus that caused as AUTOMATIC response that
  doesnt need to be learned.
• Ex When the dogs were fed they naturally
  salivated.

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Unconditioned Response

• The response to an unconditioned stimulus.
• Ex When the dogs were fed they naturally
  salivated.

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Conditioned Stimulus

• Something that normally doesnt cause the
  response it causes AFTER conditioning.
• Ex The ringing of a bell

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Conditioned Response

• A learned response to a stimulus that used to be
  meaningless.
• Ex The dogs salivating after they hear a
  ringing bell (Conditioned Stimulus).

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Adapting to the Environment

• Why is classical conditioning important in
  nature?
• It helps animals to learn to survive in their
  environment.

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ck.jpg
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Adapting to the Environment

• Ex A bunny learns to run away when it smells or
  sees cats nearby.

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Adapting to the Environment

• Humans may learn to get out of the house if they
  smell smoke, even if they dont see fire.

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Taste Aversion

• learned avoidance of a certain type of food.
• Ex You eat so much ice cream you throw up. You
  wont want to eat ice cream again for a while.

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Why are taste aversions important?

• They can save lives! Sometimes when foods make
  us sick, it is because they are poison and we
  shouldnt eat them. Ex Alcohol!

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uploads/2009/10/alcohol.jpg
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Extinction

• When a conditioned stimulus no longer is followed
  by an unconditioned stimulus, it will lose its
  ability to create a conditioned response.

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Ex

• Conditioned Stimulus Your car alarm goes off and
  it is stolen
• Conditioned Response You freak out whenever you
  hear the alarm go off on your NEW car

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After a while

• You learn that the car alarm goes of ALL THE TIME
  and it hasnt been stolen in YEARS.
• You stop freaking out when you hear the car
  alarm. This is Extinction.

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Same thing happened with the dogs

• Pavlov stopped giving the dogs food after he rang
  a bell.
• After a while, the dogs stopped salivating when
  they heard the bell.

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Spontaneous Recovery

• BUT Extinction may not last forever.
• For a few days, Pavlov did not ring the bell AT
  ALL. THEN, he rang the bell and the dogs
  salivated again. But not as much.

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Spontaneous Recovery

• If your car alarm doesnt go off for a long time,
  and then suddenly it does, you may freak out a
  little bit, even if your car hasnt been stolen.

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Another example

• Perfume or Cologne of someone you loved.

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/012044007105.jpg
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Generalization

• Responding the same way to stimuli that are
  similar.
• Ex If you throw up after eating a gallon of
  chocolate ice cream you probably will avoid other
  flavors of ice cream too in addition to chocolate
  ice cream.

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Discrimination

• BUT people still respond differently to stimuli
  that are NOT similar.
• Ex You cant eat ice cream for a while but
  chocolate cake is different enough from ice cream
  to be ok to eat.

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How does classical conditioning help people?

• It can help people get over fears of things and
  situations.

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2 ways to help reduce fears

• 1. Flooding
• 2. Systematic Desensitization

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1. Flooding

• A person is forced to be around the thing that
  they fear.
• Ex If you are afraid of heights, you may be
  forced to look out a 6th story window until you
  are no longer upset about it.

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Problem with flooding

• People who are really afraid of something would
  HATE being forced to be around the thing they
  fear. It may be difficult to get someone to face
  their fear like that.

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2. Systematic Desensitization

• People are taught ways to relax when facing a
  fear. They are GRADUALLY exposed to the things
  they fear while being helped to relax.

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Example

• People who are afraid of spiders may be shown
  pictures of spiders and are helped to relax.

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Example continued

• Gradually they are shown real spiders at a
  distance and helped to relax.

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Example continued

• Finally, the spiders may be brought closer and
  closer while using the same relaxation techniques
  until the person is no longer afraid.

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Pros and Cons

• Systematic Desensitization is easier for patients
  than Flooding BUT it can take a LONG time.

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Another way to get over a fear Counter
conditioning

• A pleasant stimulus is paired with something
  someone is afraid of.

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Counter conditioning example

• A child who is afraid of shots is given candy
  while they are at the doctor. The good
  experience of eating the candy my cancel out the
  fear of shots.

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kid-270.jpg
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Review Question

• Read the following situation and write which
  parts are the
• 1. Unconditioned Stimulus
• 2. Unconditioned Response
• 3. Conditioned Stimulus
• 4. Conditioned Response

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Situation

• Whenever you see your boyfriend or girlfriend you
  want to kiss them. You love everything about
  them. You especially like the way their perfume
  or cologne smells. Eventually, just smelling the
  perfume or cologne they wear makes you want to
  kiss them.

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Another type of learning

• Operant Conditioning
• Learning to do things because of their results.
• Ex You may learn to study because when you
  study you get good grades.

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ills.jpg
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Different from Classical Conditioning

• Because people have more control over these
  behaviors.
• Studying is still a choice. Drooling when you
  eat isnt a choice and drooling when you hear a
  bell isnt a choice either.

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B.F. Skinners birds

• Trained to peck target for food.

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Reinforcement

• Something, like a reward, that helps increase the
  frequency of a behavior.

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Reinforcement

• Ex Dogs are reinforced to do tricks with treats

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Different Types of Reinforcers

• Primary Reinforcers
• Secondary Reinforcers

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Primary Reinforcers

• Reinforcement that works because of the
  biological NEEDS of a person or animal
• Ex We need food, water, shelter to survive. To
  dont need to be taught the importance of these
  things.

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Secondary Reinforcement

• Reinforcement that has value that must be learned
  over time.
• Ex grades, money, social approval, attention

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Positive and Negative Reinforcement

• Positive Reinforcement increases the frequency
  of a behavior when it is given.
• Ex good grades are positive reinforcement for
  studying.

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Negative Reinforcement

• Increases the frequency of a behavior when it is
  taken away.

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Ex of Negative Reinforcement

• Your mother always complains that you never talk
  to her. If you e-mail her, she stops
  complaining.
• Your mother NOT complaining is the negative
  reinforcement for you e-mailing her.

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Punishments

• Unwanted events that DECREASE the frequency of a
  behavior.
• If you get caught hitting your brother, your
  parents may take t.v. away. This punishment is
  supposed to decrease the frequency of you hitting
  your brother.

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How is punishment different from negative
reinforcement?

• Punishment DECREASES the frequency of a behavior.
• Negative Reinforcement INCREASES the frequency of
  a behavior by taking something bad away.

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Continuous and Partial Reinforcement

• Continuous Reinforcement When you give
  reinforcement EVERY time a desirable behavior
  happens.
• Problem This isnt always possible and can get
  expensive!

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Partial Reinforcement

• Desirable behavior is only reinforced enough
  times to make people want to repeat it.
• Ex Going to the movies isnt ALWAYS awesome,
  but..

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3 Types of Partial Reinforcement

• Variable and Fixed Interval Schedules
• Variable and Fixed Ratio Schedules

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Interval Schedule

• Fixed Interval Schedule
• Reinforcement comes after a certain amount of
  time.
• Ex You have a quiz every Friday. You will be
  reinforced to study each week for that test.
  Probably on Thursday.

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Interval Schedule

• Variable Interval Schedule
• Varying amounts of time go by before you are
  reinforced.
• Ex Pop quizzes

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Variable Interval Schedule

• Makes students more likely to study EVERY night
  because they never know when the next quiz will
  be.

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Fixed Ratio Schedule

• A behavior must happen a certain number of times
  before someone receives reinforcement.
• Ex Buy 3 sandwiches, get one free

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Variable Ratio Schedule

• When the ratio of reinforcement randomly changes.
• Ex Slot Machines
• Sometimes you can win 20 after one try.
• Sometimes you play 50 times and you only win 5

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Extinction

• If reinforcement no longer occurs, a behavior may
  stop happening.
• Ex You stop passing tests no matter how much
  you study. SO, you stop studying.

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Operant Conditioning in Education

• Classroom Discipline
• Learning
• Shaping

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Shaping

• A way of teaching complex things by first
  teaching small steps.
• Ex Learning to ride a bike

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Classroom Discipline

• In the classroom you are given positive
  reinforcement for answering questions right
• Good job!
• Negative Reinforcement for answering questions
  right, take away homework! ?

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Cognitive Factors in Learning

• What people and animals know because of learning.
  
• 2 kinds of cognitive learning
• Latent Learning
• Observational Learning

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Latent Learning

• Learning that you dont think about unless you
  need it.
• Ex You have learned where things in your house
  are but you dont think about where everything is
  UNLESS you need to find something.

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Observational Learning

• When we learn how to do something by watching
  another person do it.
• Ex Play a sport

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Review

• 1. What are the 2 main types of conditioning and
  how do they work/differ from one another?
• 2. How can operant conditioning help someone to
  get over a fear?
• 3. What types of reinforcement can be used to
  help change behavior?
• 4. What is the difference between latent learning
  and observational learning?

87
Key Terms

• Classical conditioning
• Stimulus/response
• Ivan Pavlov
• US, UR, CS, CR
• Extinction
• Taste aversion
• Spontaneous recovery
• Flooding
• Systematic desensitization

• Operant conditioning
• B.F. Skinner
• Primary/secondary reinforcement
• Positive/negative reinforcement
• Punishment
• Other types of reinforcement
• Latent learning
• Observational learning

88
Multiple Choice Test

•  
• Ivan Pavlov is famous for his findings on
  classical conditioning by testing the effects of
  ringing a bell on.....
• people
• rabbits
• frogs
• dogs
•  
• The idea that you can learn how to swing a golf
  club by watching someone else do it is called
• Latent learning
• Observational learning
• Positive reinforcement
• Programmed learning
•   
• Learning that is hidden in your subconscious
  until it is needed (like when you remember when
  things are in your kitchen only when you need to
  use them) is called
• Latent learning
• Programmed learning
• Observational learning
• Media learning
•   

• Conditioning children to like going to the doctor
  by giving them candy every time they go to the
  doctor is an example of _____________________.
• Classical conditioning
• Operant conditioning
• Aerobic conditioning
• Counter conditioning
•  
• Food, water and warmth are all examples of
  _________________
• Primary reinforcers
• Secondary reinforcers
• Building reinforcers
• None of the above
•  
• Money, attention and social approval are all
  examples of __________________.
• Primary reinforcers
• Secondary reinforcers
• Life reinforcers
• None of the above
• True/False