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Renewal%20in%20the%20Left%20Periphery%20and%20the%20Linguistic%20Cycle

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Title: Renewal%20in%20the%20Left%20Periphery%20and%20the%20Linguistic%20Cycle

1
Renewal in the Left Periphery and the Linguistic
Cycle

Elly van Gelderen
ellyvangelderen_at_asu.edu
21 May 2007, University of Venice
www.public.asu.edu/gelderen/Venice07.ppt

2
Aims

To present a description of some recurring
linguistic changes
To understand some of these cycles within a
Minimalist Program
Outline
Examples of Cycles
Economy Principles
CI and SM Economy
Recycling in the left periphery

3
Cycles

Negative (neg)
1. neg adverb gt neg particle gt (neg particle)
neg indefinite/adverb gt neg particle
2. verb gt aspect gt neg
Clausal
1. pronoun gt complementizer
2. PP/Adv gt Topic gt C
Definiteness
demonstrative gt definite article gt
Case/non-generic gt class marker
Agreement
demonstrative/emphatic gt pronoun gt agreement
Auxiliary
A/P gt M gt T gt C

4
Background on the Cycle/Spiral

de Condillac, Tooke, A.W. von Schlegel, von
Humboldt, Bopp
more recently Tauli 1958 and Hodge 1970
Grammaticalization literature
word gt clitic gt affix gt 0
(from Hopper Traugott 2003)
formal approaches

5
Part of the Cycle Grammaticalization, e.g.

On, from P to ASP
Like, from P gt C (like I said)
Modals v gt ASP gt T
To P gt ASP gt M gt C
PP gt C (for him to do that ...)
VP Adv gt TP/CP Adv

6
Formal Approaches, e.g. Economy Principles, van
Gelderen 2004

Head Preference Principle (HPP)
Be a head, rather than a phrase.
Late Merge Principle (LMP)
Merge as late as possible.
Specifier Incorporation (SIP)
Be incorporated if you are a phrase.
Null hypothesis of language acquisition
A string is a word with lexical content.
UG Principles guidance to the child (in
acquisition) and the adult (in the derivation)

7
The Linguistic Cycle, e.g. the Negative Cycle

HPP
XP
Spec X'
na wiht X YP
not gt nt
Late Merge

8
Negative Cycle

(1)a. no/ne eOE
b. ne (na wiht/not) OE, especially Southern
c. (ne) not ME, especially Southern
d. not LME
-not/-nt LME
Old English South
(2)Næron 3e noht æmetti3e, ðeah ge wel ne dyden
not-were you not unoccupied. though you well not
did
You were not unoccupied, though you did not do
well'. (Pastoral Care, Cotton, Sweet, 206).

9
Negative Concord Cycle

(1) ænig monn ne mæg tuæm hlaferdum hera
any man not may two lords serve (Northumbrian
c950)
(2) ne mæg ænig twæm godum ðeowigan
not may any two gods serve (Mercian C10)
(3) Ne mæg nan man twam hlafordum þeowian
not may no man two lords serve (Corpus c1000)
(4) Ne mayg nam man twam hlaferden þeowian not
may no man two lords serve (Hatton c1150)
Matthew 6.24

10
DP Cycle

a. DP b. DP
dem D' ? D' (HPP)
D NP D NP
art N
? ?
c. DP
D'
D NP
N
renewal

11
Subject Cycle

TP TP (HPP)
DP T DP T
pron T VP pron pron-T VP
Urdu/Hindi, Japanese Coll French, CVC
TP
DP T (LMP)
pron pron-T VP
Navajo, Spanish, Arabic

12
Aspect Cycle

a. ASPP b. ASPP
ASP ASP'
ASP VP ? ASP VP
up V AP up ...
up
? ?
c. ASPP
ASP'
ASP VP
V AP
up

13
Late Merge?

Chomsky (1995 348) Late Merge accounts for the
presence of expletive subjects over raising the
principle is used by Fox (2002) to account for
Antecedent Contained Deletion and by Bhatt
Pancheva (2004) for the scope of degree clauses.
Both Roberts Roussou (2003) and van Gelderen
(2004) use it to account for grammaticalization.
Chomsky post 1995 IM EM, no difference
It still seems salvageable but is it better to
see things in terms of features?

14
Late Minimalism and Features

Architecture
Syntax is inert
All is variation in the lexicon
Approaching UG from below
Computational Efficiency SM and CI interface
Features
uninterpretable unvalued in the lexicon
(Chomsky 2006 12)
probes value them removed before CI transfer

15
Feature Economy uF as SM perfection iF as CI
perfection

Economy of Features (at Sensory Motor interface)
Minimize the interpretable features in the
derivation
Spec gt Head gt zero
semantic gt interpretable gt uninterpretable (ph
i on N) (uphi on T)
Cycle goes from (a) to (b) to (a)
a) Movement links two positions and is thereby
economical (synthetic) uninterpretable/EPP
PHON Economy
b) Avoid syncretism Iconicity is economical
(analytic) semantic and interpretable features
SEM Economy

16
From V gt AUX and Pronoun gt Agr

VP TP
V DP gt T VP
wolde uCASE would V DP
ACC phi uphi
uphi
emphatic gt personal gt agreement
i-phi i-phi u-phi
i-Case uCase

17
From P gt C

PP CP
P DP gt C TP
after after
u-phi 3S (u-phi)
ACC uACC
In English, no phi, but Germanic C-agreement.

18
Renewal at the end of the cycle

Newmeyer 2006 notes that some grammaticalizations
from noun/verb to affix can take as little as
1000 years, and wonders how there can be anything
left to grammaticalize if this is the right
scenario.
Late Merge (Feature Economy), however, provides
an answer for what the source of the
replenishments are, namely lexical elements from
lower in the tree. There are also borrowings and
creative inventions through SIP.
The Economy Principles do not provide a reason
why certain languages/societies are more
conservative than others, e.g. why the split
infinitive has encountered such opposition by
prescriptivists, and has kept to from
grammaticalizing more.

19
Internal and External Change

Jespersen "the correct inference can only be
that the tendency towards ease may be at work in
some cases, though not in all, because there are
other forces which may at times neutralize it or
prove stronger than it".
Von der Gabelentz (1891/1901 251/256)
"Deutlichkeit" ('clarity') and "Bequemlichkeit"
('comfort').
Chomsky (2006 9) The conflict between
computational efficiency and ease of
communication appears to be resolved,
universally, in favor of computational efficiency
to satisfy the semantic (CI) interface, lending
further support to speculations about its primacy
in language design.

20
Clause markers and the Cycle

1. WH gt Yes/No
2. Relative gt C
3. P(P) gt C
(4. VP adverb gt
Clausal adverb)

21
Cartography

ForceP
Force'
Force TopP
Top'
Top FocP
Foc'
Foc TP
(1) mekele ka ñgat na azla siñgwe ya
mekele TOP he FOC 3-took money FOC

22
Whether WH-pronoun to Yes/No and C

(1)Hwæðer þara twe3ra dyde þæs fæder willan?
Who of-the two did the fathers will WS Gosp.
Matt. xxi. 31
(2)Hwæðer wæs iohannes fulluht þe of heofonum þe
of mannum
Whether was John's baptism that of heavens or of
man
Was the baptism of John done by heaven or by
man' (West Saxon Gospel, Corpus, Matthew 21.25).
(3) Whither Charles Arundell dyd not steale ouer
into Irland withein thes fiue yeres, wytheought
leaue of her Magestie and whether that yeare he
was ...
(4) Godrich..seyde, Hweþer she sholde be Quen
and leuedi ouer me? (Havelok 292)

23
Middle English Lots of evidence for split CP

(1) þat mon much merþe con make,
For wyn in his hede þat wende.
because of the wine that went to his head'
(Gawain 900).
(2) I sal yu lere þe dute of god, his wille
þat 3e may do
I shall you teach the duty of God, his will
that you may do (Benet 2.5 )
but not with C whether

24
Where is whether?

(1) þær se snotera bad. hwæþer him alwalda æfre
wille ... wyrpe gefremman.
There the wise one waited whether the
almighty would ever grant him change' (Beowulf
1313-5).
(2)a. ?I wonder whether those books they will
ever read (them).
b. ??I wonder those books whether they will
ever read (them).
(3) And it doesn't matter whether frankly you
are a Republican or a Democrat or

25
Pronoun to Q

CP CP
whether C ? whether C LMP
C C
Late Merge is obvious but
HPP never caught on external reasons
Features? whether gt whether-C gt whether-C
i-Q i-Q uQ probe
i-phi

26
Urdu, Sanskrit, and Norwegian

(1) kya ram jata he Hindi/Urdu
Q Ram go-3S is
Is Ram going'?
(2) Ap kya keruge Hindi/Urdu
you what do-FUT.2P
What are you going to do'.
(3) kim aryamno mahas pathaati kramema dudhyo?
what Aryaman-GEN great-GEN road-INS surpass- 1P
inferior-P.ACC
Should we overcome the base people on the path
of the great Aryaman'
(4) Kven du såg?
Who you saw, Who did you see?' (Åfarli 1985
6).
(5) Ka for nokka sa dokker?
what for something said you

27
Italian?

(1) S'a-lo fat che? Illasi (Verona)
what-has-he done what
What has he done?'
(2) Ndo e-lo ndat endoe?
where is-he gone where
Where has he gone?
(Poletto Pollock 2004 )

28
Chinese reanalyzed verbs

(1) ta chang qu bu
he often go not
Does he go often?'
(2) hufei kan-wan-le nei-ben shu meiyou
Hufei read-finish-PERF that-CL book not
Has Hufei finished the book?'
(Cheng et al. 1996 43 41)

29
late merge

CP
C'
C NegP
Neg'
Neg ASPP
ASP'
ASP ta chang qu
bu

30
Relatives in Old, Middle English, Yiddish,
French, etc.

OE se þe gt þe or þæt
(1) scyldwiga se þe wel þenceþ
shield-fighter the that well thinks/judges
(Every sharp) shield fighter, who judges well'
(Beowulf 287-9).
(2) as theo the duden with Godd al thet ha
walden.
as those who did with God all that they
wanted.
(Ancr. R. III 492)
(3) jene vos hobn gezen zajne kuncn
those that have seen his tricks
those who have seen his tricks' (Krogh 2001
46)
(4) Jétais une personne que javais beaucoup
damis
I was a person that I had many friends

31
Colloquial French, Yiddish, etc

(1) jene vos hobn gezen zajne kuncn
those that have seen his tricks
those who have seen his tricks' (Krogh 2001
46)
(2) Jétais une personne que javais beaucoup
damis
I was a person that I had many friends

32
Wh-cycle

a. CP b. CP
þat C' (SIP) C (HPP)
se/þam C TP C TP
(þe/þat) ? that
?
c. CP
wh- C'
C TP
renewal that ...

33
New relatives

(1) a laide de Dieu notre Seigneur, Qui vous
douit bonne vie et longue.
With the help of God, our Lord, who gives us
a good and long life' (Bekynton, from Rydén, p.
131).
(2) be the grace of God, who haue yow in kepyng
by the grace of God, who keeps you' (Paston
Letters 410).

34
From lexical to grammatical category
35
After from P gt C

VP-adverb
(1) Ercenberht rixode æfter his fæder
E. ruled after/following his father'
(Chronicle A, anno 640)
Moved, not scene-setting
(2)a. æfter him Stephanus feng to rice.
after him (i.e. Pope Leo), Stephanus became
pope'.
(Chronicle A, anno 814 816)
b. æfter þissum gefeohte cuom micel sumorlida.
after this fight, there came a large
summer-force'
(Chronicle A, anno 871)

36
Preposed and with demonstrative

(1) Æfter þysan com Thomas to Cantwarebyri
After this, Thomas came to Canterbury'.
(Chronicle A, anno 1070)
(2) æfter ðon uutedlice ic eftariso ic forlioro
vel iowih in galileam
after that, surely I arise-again I come before
you in Galilee'
(Lindisfarne Gospel, Matthew 26. 32).

(1) After that the king hadde brent the volum
(Wyclyf 1382, taken over in Coverdale 1535 and
KJV 1611, from the OED).
(2) After that Raleigh had Intelligence that
Cobham had accused him, he endeavour'd to have
Intelligence from Cobham (HC, EModE2)
(3) Aftir he hadde take þe hooli Goost (c1360
Wyclif De Dot. Eccl. 22).
(4) After thei han slayn them (1366
Mandeville174).
Four stages
PP lt PP 900 (Chronicle A) present
PP (that) 950 (Lindisfarne) - 1600 (OED 1587)
P that 1220 (Lambeth) - 1600 (OED 1611)
C 1360 (Wycliff) - present

38
Percentages of demonstrative objects (Dem) with
after and fronting

Beowulf Chronicle Chronicle A
lt892 gt892
Dem 2/653 2/26 8 17/22 77
Fronting 2/653 7/26 27 12/22 55

39
For P to C

(1) ouþer for untrumnisse ouþer for lauerdes
neode ouþer for haueleste ouþer for hwilces
cinnes oþer neod he ne muge þær cumon
either from infirmity or from his lord's need
or from lack of means or from need of any other
kind he cannot go there' (Peterborough Chronicle,
anno 675).
(2) forþam Trumbriht wæs adon of þam biscopdome
because T had been deprived of his biscopric'
(Peterborough Chronicle, anno 685).
Beowulf PC
Dem objects 16/54 30 67/150 45
Fronting 18/54 33 80/150 53

40
Compare this to in Chronicle A

lt892 gt892
Dem 0/27 0 0/3 0
Fronting 2/27 7.4 0/3 0
Typical
(1) Her Cuichelm wæs gefulwad in Dorcesceastre

41
From P gt C

PP CP
P DP gt C TP
after after
u-phi 3S (u-phi)
ACC uACC

42
OE Clausal adverbs

(1)Witodlice æfter þam þe ic of deaþe arise ic
cume to eow on galilee
Surely after that that I of death arise I come
to you in Galilee (West Saxon Gospels, Matthew
26.32)
(2)Ne deþ witodlice nan man niwes claðes scyp on
eald reaf.
Not does surely no man new cloth piece on old
garment (West Saxon Gospels, Matthew 9.16)

43
Decline

OE I-II OE III OE IV ME1 ME2
witodlice 2 84 20 9 --
wærlice 5 10 5 5 --
soþlice 72 205 19 37 2
sicerlice -- -- -- 5 6
wiselice -- 6 3 9 --

44
New CP adverbs

(1) You wrote so probably that hyt put me in a
feare of daungerys to come. (OED, 1535)
(2) A source, from whence those waters of
bitterness..have..probably flowed (OED, 1647)
(3) for, tho very probably I shall not have
occasion for them, yet it wou'd be very
vexatious to want them shou'd ther be occasion.
(1690, Letter by Charles Hatton, HC)

45
VP adverb gt Clausal adverb

(1) and he shulde goo frank and quite.
(OED 1475)
(2) All other lawfull thinges..to do as
liberally, frankelie, lawfully..as if they..had
been naturally borne within this realme (OED,
1541)
(3) Therefore with franke and with vncurbed
plainnesse, Tell vs the Dolphins minde.
(Henry V)
(4) She... Can you wonder that I'm disinclined
for amusement? He.Frankly, I do (OED 1888)

46
Late Merge and Adverbials
47
Dutch, Bulgarian, Chinese