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C81COG Cognitive Psychology REVISION LECTURE 20082009
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REMEMBER TO USE THE GRID ON THE TOP RIGHT TO MARK OUT YOUR ... Kahneman and Tversky attributed base rate neglect in the Taxi Cab problem to: a. hindsight bias ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation
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Title: C81COG Cognitive Psychology REVISION LECTURE 20082009
1
C81COGCognitive PsychologyREVISION LECTURE
(2008-2009)
- Lecturers
- Peter Chapman
- Alastair Smith
- Jonathan Stirk
- Richard Tunney
- Geoff Underwood
2
Structure of lectures
- Semester 1
- Intro to cognition
- Perception/Illusions
- Pattern recognition/vision
- Imagery
- Attention
3
Structure of lectures
- Semester 2
- Psychology of language
- Word recognition/reading
- Memory- sensory/categorical
- Thinking/Problem solving
- Deduction/Reasoning
4
Breakdown of assessment
- 20 credit module
- Assessment by exam coursework
- Exam 75
- Coursework (tutorial essay) 25
5
Structure of exam
- Number of questions 120
- 5-7 questions per lecture
- Type of questions ALL Multiple choice
- BRING A PENCIL AND ERASER!
- Length of exam 2 hours
6
- What to do when you sit in your seat
- Read the instructions
- Fill in the details on the ANSWER SHEET
- Fill in the candidate slip
7
- What to do
- READ INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY!
- FILL IN REQUIRED INFORMATION
- REMEMBER TO USE THE GRID ON THE TOP RIGHT TO MARK
OUT YOUR CANDIDATE NUMBER (WITH A PENCIL) - FILL IN THE ANSWER GRID WITH A PENCIL MAKING ONE
THICK PENCIL LINE ONLY PER QUESTION - REMOVE ANY INCORRECT OR ADDITIONAL MARKS WITH AN
ERASER
8
What not to do!
?
?
9
Tips for answering MCQs
- Read the directions carefully
- The directions usually indicate that some
alternatives may be partly correct or correct
statements in themselves, but not when joined to
the stem. - You are required to answer 120 multiple choice
questions in 2 hours or less. This means you may
have less than a minute, on average, to spend on
each question. Some questions, of course, will
take you only a few seconds, while others will
require more time for thought.
10
Tips for answering MCQs
- Plan to progress through the exam in three ways
- Read every question carefully but quickly,
answering only those of which you are 100
certain. Put a "?" on those that need more
thought. - Then, examine/study the questions not yet
answered. Answer those you are reasonably sure of
without pondering too long on each. Erase the "?"
- Finally, study read the remaining unanswered
questions. If you cannot come to a decision by
reasoning or if you run out of time, guess. Erase
the "?". A guess is better than a blank.
11
Tips for answering MCQs
- Use the process of elimination procedure.
Eliminate the obviously incorrect alternatives. - Read all of the stem and every alternative
- Read the stem with each alternative to take
advantage of the correct sound or flow that the
correct answer often produces. Also, you can
eliminate any alternatives that do not agree
grammatically with the stem. - Consider "all of the above" and "none of the
above." - Examine the "above" alternatives to see if all of
them or none of them apply totally. If even one
does not apply totally, do not consider "all of
the above" or "none of the above" as the correct
answer. Make sure that a statement applies to the
question since it can be true, but not be
relevant to the question at hand!
12
Tips for answering MCQs
- Note negatives
- If a negative such as "none", "not", "never", or
"neither" occurs in the stem, know that the
correct alternative must be a fact or absolute
and that the other alternatives could be true
statements, but not the correct answer. - Note superlatives
- Words such as "every", "all", "none", "always",
and "only" are superlatives that indicate the
correct answer must be an undisputed fact. In the
social sciences, absolutes are rare. - Note qualifying words
- "Usually", "often", "generally", "may", and
"seldom" are qualifiers that could indicate a
true statement.
13
Tips for answering MCQs
- Study Qualifications
- Break the stem down into grammatical parts. Pull
out the bare subject and verb (if it is in the
stem), and then examine all the modifiers
(qualifiers) to the subject and verb. This
process ensures that you will examine every part
of the stem. - Changing Answers
- Research has shown that changing answers on a
multiple choice or true-false exam is neither
good nor bad if you have a good reason for
changing your answer, change it.
14
Example MCQ Questions
- Cognitive psychology assumes that
- a. information processing is unlimited
- b. perception is guided only by incoming data
- c. Â perception is guided only by knowledge Â
- d. none of the above
15
Example MCQ Questions
- The Müller-Lyer illusion can be explained in
terms of - a. misapplied size constancy
- b. interpreting the figure as showing lines in
depth - c. integration of the lines into the objects at
the ends - d. all of the above
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Example MCQ Questions
- In Shepard Metzler's (1971) experiment
- a. rotation of images was much easier in 2-D
than 3-D - b. time to answer was a linear function of the
angular rotation required - c. the results did not accord with the
participants' introspections - d. people had to physically rotate complex block
figures
17
Example MCQ Questions
- The Stroop Task illustrates that
- a. people can name words printed in coloured ink
- b. words and colours are easily confused
- c. some colours are so similar that we have to
give them the same names - d. printed words can unavoidably interfere with
attended processes
18
Example MCQ Questions
- In Broadbent's (1958) theory, preattentive
analysis is accomplished by - a. the perceptual system
- b. the template-matching system
- c. the sensory system
- d. none of these
19
Example MCQ Questions
- Which of the following is true of Anne Treismans
theory of selective attention - a. unattended information is attenuated
- b. unattended information is processed
semantically - c. attended information is filtered
- d. both a and b above
20
Example MCQ Questions
- Phrase Structure Grammar (PSG) allows us to
- a. produce both meaningful and meaningless
sentences - b. produce only meaningful sentences
- c. map from the deep structure to the surface
structure of a sentence - d. produce grammatically incorrect sentences
21
Example MCQ Questions
- The smallest unit of meaning in language is
called - a. a morpheme
- b. a phoneme
- c. a grapheme
- d. a syllable
22
Example MCQ Questions
- Craik Tulvings (1975) classic study showed
that as depth of processing increases - a. latencies decrease
- b. latencies increase
- c. recognition accuracy decreases
- d. recognition remains constant
23
Example MCQ Questions
- Kleimans (1975) experiments showed that
- a. graphemic decisions are not affected by
articulatory suppression - b. phonemic decisions are not affected by
articulatory suppression - c. semantic decisions are not affected by
articulatory suppression - d. none of the above
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Example MCQ Questions
- In which of the following problems are peoples
feelings of warmth good predictors of how close
they are to success? - a. the Tower of Hanoi task
- b. the cheap necklace problem
- c. the reversing triangle task
- d. the nine dots task
25
Example MCQ Questions
- If P then Q. Not-Q. Therefore not-P. is an
example of - a. modus ponens
- b. modus tollens
- c. affirmation of the consequent
- d. denial of the antecedent
26
Example MCQ Questions
- If P then Q. Not-Q. Therefore not-P. is an
example of - a. modus ponens
- b. modus tollens
- c. affirmation of the consequent
- d. denial of the antecedent
- Denial of the consequent
- If I am happy, then I smile. I am not smiling,
therefore I am not happy.
27
Example MCQ Questions
- Kahneman and Tversky attributed base rate neglect
in the Taxi Cab problem to - a. hindsight bias
- b. representativeness heuristic
- c. divided attention
- d. prospect theory
28
And Finally
GOOD LUCK!
29
ANSWERS
- The correct answers for the example questions are
in order below - d d b d c d a a b d a b b
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