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Title: www'wahidinstitute'org


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• www.wahidinstitute.org

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Contemporary Indonesia The Dilemma in Ending
Democratic Transition

• By Ahmad Suaedy
• Executive Director the Wahid Institute, Jakarta
  Indonesia
• Suaedy_at_gusdur.net www.wahidinstitute.org
• This paper is presented in a seminar on
  Democracy, Development and Pace in Asia at the
  Hotel Himalaya, Kupondol, Lalitpur, Katmandu,
  Nepal.
• Organized by the Korea Democracy Foundation in
  collaboration with ARENA, LDC Watch and SAAPE,
  10-12 November 2008.

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Indonesia MAP
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• Facts1. Indonesia has pluralistic ethnicities
  and religions and believes, not only the big
  religions but also indigenous. Also migrants as
  Arabic, Chinese and Indian.
• 2. Indonesia is a big country in term of area of
  the country and has a population more than 235
  millions. They are spreading on the some islands.
• 3. We see (the map of Indonesia), Indonesia is an
  islands country. There are more than 17.000
  islands in Indonesia, larges and smalls. About 5
  hundreds of those have not been named. There are
  five big islands, Sumatera, Java, Kalimantan,
  Sulawesi, and Papua.

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Ethnic composition in Indonesia

• Indonesia has at least 11 the ethnic majors
• 1. Java 41.71 2. Melayu 3.45
• 3. Batak 3.02 4. Minangkabau 2.72
• 5. Betawi 2.51 6. Bugis 2.49
• 7. Banten 2.05 8. Banjar 1.74
• 9. Bali 1.51 10. Sasak 1.30
• 11. Makasar 0.99 12. Cirebon 0.94
• 13. Tionghoa 0.86 14. Gorontalo 0.48
• 15. Aceh 0.43 15. Toraja 0.37
• 16. Others 14.66
• (Leo et al 2003)

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Religious composition in Indonesia

• Indonesia has 6 religion majors
• 1. Islam 88.22
• 2. Christianity (Protestant and Catholic) 7.39
• 3. Hindu 1.94
• 4. Budha 0.92
• 5. Konghucu 0.82
• 6. others 1.42 (indigenous believes).
• (Leo et all., 2003)

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• Indonesia is not the religious country but base
  on philosophy what we call it Pancasila the five
  principles of Indonesian nation
• Belief in One Almighty God
• Just and Civilized Humanity
• the Unity of Indonesia
• Democracy Guided by the Wisdom of Representative
  Deliberation
• Social Justice for all Indonesians.
• - Indonesia also base on the constitution that we
  call it UUD 1945.

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• Democracy challenges
• Indonesia is currently facing her third general
  elections since the reformation, set to take
  place in April for parliament and president
  election in October 2009.
• The question is, will Indonesia end her
  transition to democracy with the establishment of
  an entirely democratic political structure, or,
  on the contrary, will she return to
  authoritarianism?

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The achievement of the formal structure of
democracy is not enough. The political change
should not stop after the establishment of
democratic political institutions, but needs to
be accompanied by transformation of thinking,
justice, and participation. So, the Indonesian
people now has the more or bigger challenging for
making establishment for and sustainability of
democracy.
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Prof. Robert W. Hefner Said that Democracy
requires a noncoercive culture that encourages
citizens to respect the rights of others as well
as to cherish their own. This public culture
depends on mediating institutions in which
citizens develop habits of free speech,
participation, and toleration. (Hefner,
200013).
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Indonesia in Context of Changing

• 1997 ? Soeharto, military and authoritarianism of
  New Order was collapse democratization and
  decentralization
• A. in Positive side
• - Constitution amendment ? toward human rights
  and citizenship guarantee
• Multiparty system ? more leadership and open
  public sphere
• Military out from the political daily
• 20 of national and local budget for education
• Decentralization ? open mobilization and more
  justice
• Open competition for leadership ? direct
  election, national and local

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Constitution Reform Amendment on Human Rights
and Citizenship Guarantee

• Reassertion of guarantees of equality of all
  citizens of all groups, as well as the guarantee
  of human rights through various sections in the
  constitution (verse 0f 28 of Constituion, UUD
  1945).
• 1. Everyone has the right to secure equal
  opportunity in the government. Everyone has the
  right to citizenship status. (verse 28D).
•  

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• 2. Point E mentions the right to adhere to, carry
  out, and even propagate a religion. It does not
  mention specific religions
• Everyone is entitled to the right to profess and
  practice the religion of his choice, to choose an
  appropriate education and teaching method, to
  choose proper employment, to choose nationality,
  to choose a place of residence within the
  territory of a State and the right to leave it as
  well as to return.
• - Everyone has the right to the freedom of
  embracing a religion or belief, the right to hold
  opinions and to act and behave according to ones
  conscience.
• - Everyone has the right to the freedom of
  association, assembly and expression.

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Also, anti discrimination in any form, as well as
respect for identity and community traditions
2. Everyone has the right to be free from all
forms of discriminatory treatment and is entitled
to protection against such prejudices. 3.
Cultural identity and traditional community
rights deserve respect in line with changes in
time and developments in civilization.
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• The foundations of this constitution were
  further strengthened with (1) the ratification of
  the ICCPR (International Covenant on Civil and
  Political Rights) through Law No. 12, 2005 as
  well as (2) Law No. 39, 1999 on Human Rights and
  (3) Law No. 26, 2000 on Human Rights Court.
• These all guaranteed the equal rights of
  citizens to freedom of religion and belief, as
  well as expression.

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There were 48 political parties in 1999 election

• Big seven
• Secularists
• Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan
• (PDIP) 33,74
• 2. Partai Golongan Karya (Golkar) 22,61
• Islam Nationalists
• 1. Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa 12,61
• 2. Partai Amanat Nasional 7,12
• Islamists
• 1. Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP) 10,71
• 2. Partai Bulan Bintang (PBB) 1,94
• 3. Partai Keadilan (PK) 1,36

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There were 24 in 2004 election

• Big seven
• Secularists
• 1. Partai Golongan Karya 21,58
• 2. Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan 18,53
• 3. Partai Demokrat 7,45
• Islam Nationalists
• 1. Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa 10,57
• 2. Partai Amanat Nasional 6,44
• Islamists
• 1. Partai Keadilan Sejahtera 7,34
• 2. Partai Persatuan Pembangunan 8,15
• There are 38 political parties in next 2009
  election

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Democracy ? Justice

• Economic redistribution 70 30 of tax for local
  and national government
• Decentralization parliament election (local and
  national) DPD (Regional Representative Council
  SENAT) direct election for president local
  government ? managed by KPU (General Election
  Commission)
• Open mobilization and more justice 20 percent of
  the national and local budget for education
  program
• Public sphere, civil society and anti
  corruption, and leadership competition
• Freedom of expression (media)

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Building of the Commission on Combating
Corruption (KPK) and Special Court for Anti
Corruption (TIPIKIOR)
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A. in Pessimistic side

• -Lack of law and constitution enforcement
• Oligarch ? manipulated by the have and status
  quo
• Former of the New Order and Military elements
  still control the source of politics and economy
• Local leadership (decentralization) generally
  controlled by former of military and New Order
  elements
• Corruption and manipulation to 20 of national
  and local budget for education
• Majority oriented ? discrimination and violence

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President candidates from former of military
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• Majority oriented and raising discrimination
• the laws and regulations challenge or even
  contradict to the amended constitution, have not
  been automatically annulled and changed in
  accordance with the constitutions directives.
• One law concerned with religious life is article
  156a of the Criminal Code (KUHP) which is from
  Law PNPS No. 1/1966. It forbids a person or group
  of people from practicing and interpreting a
  belief which deviates from the main religion.
  The article stating this is popularly known as
  the blasphemy article.

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• - After 2000, reference to the article increased
  sharply, and in the period 2005-2007 there were
  at least ten cases as blasphemy cases (Rumadi,
  2007).
• Public demands based on this article increased,
  not only in the courts, but also in direct
  political policies of the government, as shown in
  the case where about 7000 Muslims in robes
  surrounded the Presidential Palace to demand the
  release of a ban against the Ahmadiyah sect.

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• Collective violence
• UNSFIRs 2004 reported , for example, on
  Patterns of Collective Violence in Indonesia
  1990-2003.
• These data showed that 89.3 of communal
  violence resulted in victims, and communal
  violence accounted for 16.6 of incidents that
  did not produce victims from all the violence
  that occurred in Indonesia from 1990-2003.
  (Ashutosh et.al., pp. 25-27).

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- Over the years from 2004-2006 the Wahid
Institute has recorded, as far as can be obtained
from the quite restricted mass media, at least 28
cases of violence in several complex forms of
collective violence (Suaedy, 2007). -
Meanwhile, from 2007 to mid-2008, there have been
58 cases 18 cases of accusations of deviance 28
cases of inter- and intra- religious violence 2
cases of religiously based regulations and 6
freedom of expression cases protesting against
speaking freely to people of specific religions
due to religious reasons (Wahid Institute Report,
2008a)
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Collective violences
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Recommendation
- From negative side, democracy gives opportunity
to people and groups who intend to disturb and
against democracy. - Strengthening civil
society and social movement, however, is needed
in the democracy system to control the formal
pillar of democracy itself. - Corruption and
collective violent remains two most problems
that civil society need to fight against.
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THE END THANK YOU
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Islamic groups map

• Progressive movement (small groups) ? democracy,
  human rights, pluralism, tolerance, women
  equality
• Conservative and fundamentalist (small group but
  vocal) ? Islamist, anti western, anti secular,
  dogmatic public forum, media, tension and
  violence
• Silent majority ? depend on influence and
  approach (very very big in term of number)

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Two big congregations/organizations of Islam

• NU (Nahdlatul Ulama)
• Muhammadiyah
• Many new Islamic organizations in general are
  Islamists Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), Majelis
  Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI), Defender Islamic Front
  (FPI).

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THE END