GAIT ANALYSIS

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GAIT ANALYSIS
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• Closed Kinetic Chain when the limb is weight
  bearing movement of a distal joint influences
  the position of the joints proximal to it.
• Stance Phase
• Open Kinetic Chain when the limb is non-weight
  bearing movement of a proximal joint influences
  the position of the joints distal to it.
• Swing Phase

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Gait Phase
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Walking Running Phases

• Stance/Support Phase Begins with initial heel
  strike ends at toe-off
• Foot strike/Initial contact begins when the
  foot touches the ground (opposite limb is in
  push-off) (22 of cycle)
• Loading response lasts until the opposite
  extremity has left the ground the double limb
  support has ended
• Midstance when weight is directly over the
  foot concludes when center of gravity is
  directly over foot
• Terminal stance begins as center of gravity
  passes over the foot ends just before the
  opposite limb makes initial contact with the
  ground
• Push off/Pre-swing begins with the initial
  contact of the opposite limb ends with toe-off
  of the stance limb (when the body is being
  propelled forward)
• All of this is 62 of the gait cycle. It
  provides support of the body weight during
  forward movement. CLOSED KINETIC CHAIN.

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Walking Running Phases

• Swing/Recovery Phase Begins at time in which the
  leg is moved from behind the body to a position
  in front of the leg preparing for heel strike
• Initial swing begins at point when toes leave
  the ground continues until the knee reaches
  max. flexion (approx. 60º)
• Midswing knee extends from point of max.
  flexion to the point at which the tibia reaches a
  vertical position perpendicular to the ground
• Terminal swing begins at end of midswing ends
  at initial contact during the stance phase
• OPEN KINETIC CHAIN

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Walking Running Phases

• One cycle from foot strike until that foot
  strikes the ground again
• Walking One foot is always in contact with the
  ground. Period of time when both feet are
  simultaneously in contact with the ground.
• Running Period of time when neither foot is in
  contact with the ground.
• Foots function during running support phase
• At heel strike acts as a shock absorber to
  impact forces
• Adapts to the uneven ground
• Push-off foot functions as a rigid lever to
  transmit the explosive forces from the lower
  extremity to the running surface
• Heel-strike contact of the foot is on the
  lateral aspect of the calcaneus

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Muscle Contraction during Running Phase

• Anterior compartment of leg - is active 70 -
  producing concentric eccentric contractions
• Gastrocnemius-soleus complex - active during late
  stages of swing phase approx. 70 of stance
  phase
• Quadriceps group works in eccentric fashion
  during early stages of stance phase (controls
  amount of knee flexion) begins concentric
  contractions in later stages of swing phase as it
  actively extends the knee
• Hamstrings provides motion at knee hip
• At knee active late in swing phase early in
  stance phase eccentrically controls knee
  extension
• At hip contract in unison with gluteus maximus
  to create extension during stance phase

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Muscle Contraction during Running Phase

• Hip flexors active in late stance throughout
  swing phase
• Hip abductors active throughout stance helps
  to keep pelvis as level as possible during
  unilateral weight bearing
• Hip adductors active during late stance through
  early swing phase

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Foot Movement

• Foot pronation occurs immediately after heel
  strike.
• Pronation unlocks the mid-tarsals joints,
• Dampens the shock of heel strike,
• Allows the forefoot to become more flexible to
  adapt to various surfaces.
• Very important in dissipating the constant
  stress of foot contact serves to absorb shock.

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Foot Movement

• Midstance observation
• Foot needs to be flexible on contact rigid on
  push off
• Accomplished by pronation supination during
  weight bearing
• During midstance, the foot begins to supinate
• Supination locks the midtarsal joints, stabilizes
  the forefoot, provides a rigid lever for push
  off.
• The foot usually remains in supination during the
  swing phase until the next heel strike.
• Problems arise when pronation continues past
  midstance into the propulsive phase. Limits
  the effectiveness of the propulsive action.

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Foot Movement

• Excessive prolonged pronation flattens the
  medial longitudinal arch transfers abnormal
  stresses torques to the lower extremities.
• Can lead to overuse syndromes, fatigue, a
  less efficient athletic performance.

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Observations of Gait Analysis

• Limb Position
• Normal Standing Alignment
• Anteriorly
• ASIS ? patella ? web between 1st 2nd toes
• Laterally
• Greater trochanter of femur ? patella ?
  lateral malleolus
• Range of Motion entire lower extremity
• Speed of motion
• Force Production
• Timing of each event in the gait cycle

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Observations of Gait Analysis

• Feet Ankles
• Knees
• Hips
• Back