BrainBehavior Relationships

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Brain-Behavior Relationships
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Gross Structures of the Brain

• HINDBRAIN
• Medulla
• Reticular Formation
• Pons and Cerebellum
• MIDBRAIN
• FOREBRAIN
• Diencephalon (Thalamus, Hypothalamus)
• Cerebrum (Basal Ganglia, Limbic System, Cerebral
  Cortex)

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Cerebral Hemispheres

• Basal Ganglia
• 3 main functions
• Limbic System
• 4 structures
• Cerebral Cortex

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Cortical Connections

• Between hemispheres (e.g., corpus callosum)
• Within a hemisphere, between one lobe and another
  (association tracks e.g., arcuate fasciculus)
• Cortex-Subcortical (e.g., internal capsule)

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Review of Neuroanatomy (cont.)

• Skull and Meninges
• Vascular System
• Ventricular System and CSF

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Principles of Cortical Organization

• Cortical Zones
• Cortical Lobes
• Occipital, Frontal, Parietal, Temporal
• Functional Systems
• Lateralization of Function

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Cortical Zones

• Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary

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Cortical Lobes
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Cortical Lobes

• Occipital Mediate sight visual perception
  visual knowledge
• Parietal tactile sensations position sense
  spatial relations
• Left sequential. Logical spatial
• Right holistic spatial information

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Cortical Lobes (cont.)

• Temporal auditory and olfactory abilities
  integrating visual perceptions with other sensory
  info new learning emotion motivation
• Frontal motor functions, including speech
  executive functions integration of emotional and
  motivational states

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Lateralization of Function

• Left Hemisphere
• Speech and Language
• Linear Processing
• Well-routinized codes
• Details
• Contralateral attention
• Positive Emotions

• Right Hemisphere
• Prosody, Humor, Non-literal
• Configural Processing (faces)
• More adept at novel
• Global Percepts
• Global attention
• Negative Emotions

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Functions

• Attention and arousal (see text)
• Memory (know 4 different regions involved
• Hippocampus surrounding areas
• Basal forebrain (cells that produce
  Acetylcholine)
• Frontal Cortex
• Basal Ganglia (procedural memory)
• Language

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Memory

• Amnesia (HM)
• Immediate vs. Long-term
• Remote memory vs. Antereograde memory
• Implicit vs. Explicit Memory
• Frontal Lobes role in retrieval and organization
• Cortical Dementia
• Early Detection
• Progression/Diagnosis

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Memory Rehabilitation
Attention
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
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Language

• Aphaisa
• Expressive Aphasia
• Receptive Aphasia
• Distinguish
• Psychological Issues

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Prefrontal Cortex
Frontal Cortex
Striatum
Globus Pallidus/ Substantia Nigra
Thalamus
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5 Frontal-Subcortical Circuits

• Motor
• Occulomotor
• Dorsolateral
• Orbitofrontal-Ventral PFC
• Anterior Cingulate

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Major Functional Divisions of Frontal Lobe
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Dorsolateral Syndrome

• Executive function deficits
• Poor organizational strategies
• Poor memory strategies
• Working Memory
• Impaired set-shifting
• Attentional control (distractible)

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Orbitofrontal-Ventral PFC Syndrome

• Phineas Gage
• Stimulus-Reward Associations
• Decision-Making
• Appropriate Social Behavior

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Theories of Difference in Frontal Functioning

• (Paik, 1998)
• DLPFC CEO
• VLPFC Moment-to-Moment reactions

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Moral Decisions

• Green et al. (2001) Science (fMRI)
• Moral Judgment versus Non-Moral judgment
• Findings Medial frontal and posterior cingulate
  activity when people ponder moral, personal
  dilemmas.
• Conclusion Emotional integration component of
  decision-making.

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Anterior Cingulate Syndrome

• Akinetic Mutism
• Apathetic, no spontaneous speak, answer in
  monosyllables
• Display no emotion

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Points to Remember

• Behavioral deficits determined by site, size,
  laterality, nature of lesion, etc.
• Individual variation.
• Difficulty to develop real-world tasks to assess
  FL functioning.

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Diseases that commonly affect Frontal functioning

• Affective Disorders
• Depression
• Traumatic Brain Injury
• Schizophrenia
• Some Dementing Illnesses

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Traumatic Disorders

• Mechanisms of Injury
• Primary
• Secondary
• Initial Assessment of Severity
• Glascow Coma Scale
• Length of Consciousness
• Length of PTA

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TBI (cont.)

• Treatment
• Cognitive and Emotional Effects
• Rehabilitation

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Principles of Nerve Cell Communication

• Neuron Membrane
• Electrostatic pressure
• Diffusion
• Communication within a neuron
• Movement of electrical charge
• Communication between neurons
• Electrical signal to chemical signal

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Biochemical Activity of the Brain

• Membrane of Neuron
• Synapse
• 2 Types of Receptors
• Ionotropic (fast but short-lived)
• Metabotropic (slow, but prolonged effect)
• Either may be excitatory or inhibitory

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Neurotransmitters

• Excitatory (glutamate)
• Inhibitory (GABA)
• Neuromodulators (dopamine)

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Classes of Psychoactive Medications

• Neuroleptics (Haldol)
• Antidepresants (Prozac)
• Tranquilizers (diazepam or Valium)
• Stimulants (amphetamine)
• Time Course and Side Effects

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Switch Gears-Developmental Issues (Ch 2)
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Stages of Dying

• Shock and Avoidance
• Anger
• Bargaining
• Depression
• Acceptance
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Model

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Neurobiology of Aggression

• Parenting
• Abuse Physical and Mental
• PFC damage
• Impulsive vs. Pre-meditated
• Lesion Location

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Attachment

• Evident 6-8 months
• Fear, Ability to crawl
• Strange Situation (Ainsworth,
• Anxious-ambivalent
• Secure
• Anxious-avoidant
• Quality of Attachment