ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

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ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY

• CHAPTER 1

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CHAPTER 1

• The scientific term for the study of body
  structure is anatomy. Part of this word means
  to cut, a fundamental way to learn about the
  human body is to cut it apart, or dissect it.
• Physiology is the term for how the body
  functions, the two sciences are closely related.
• Pathophysiology is the study of disorders of
  functioning. If you know the normal then the
  abnormal is easier to understand.

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

• All living things are organized from very simple
  levels to more complex levels.
• Living matter begins with simple chemicals.
• inorganic simple, usually dont contain
  carbon
• organic - complex, always contain carbon
  hydrogen
• These chemicals are formed into the complex
  substances that make living cellsthe basic units
  of all life.

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION, FIG. 1-1

• CELLS---the basic units of all life
• TISSUES---specialized groups of cells form
  tissues.
• ORGANStissues that function together as organs.
• SYSTEMSorgans functioning together for the same
  general purpose.
• The organ systems work together to maintain the
  body

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THE 10 BODY SYSTEMS

• INTEGUMENTARY
• SKELETAL
• MUSCULAR
• NERVOUS
• ENDOCRINE

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THE 10 BODY SYSTEMS

• CIRCULATORY
• RESPIRATORY
• DIGESTIVE
• URINARY
• REPRODUCTIVE

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BODY SYSTEMS

• THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
• The word integument means skin. The skin with
  its associated structures is considered a
  separate body system. The structures associated
  with the skin include the hair, the nails, and
  the sweat and oil glands.

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BODY SYSTEMS

• THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
• The basic framework of the body is a system of
  more than 200 BONES and the joints between them,
  collectively known as the skeleton.

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BODY SYSTEMS

• THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
• Body movements result from the action of the
  skeletal muscles, which are attached to the
  bones. Other types of muscles are present in the
  walls of body organs, such as the intestine which
  is smooth muscle and the heart which is cardiac
  muscle.

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BODY SYSTEMS

• THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The brain,spinal cord, and nerves make up this
  complex system by which the body is controlled
  and coordinated. The organs of special sense
  (such as the eyes, ears, taste buds, and organs
  of smell), together with the receptors for touch
  and other senses, receive stimuli that are
  converted into impulses that are transmitted to
  the brain.

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BODY SYSTEMS

• Nervous (cont)
• The brain directs the bodys responses to these
  outside messages and also to messages coming from
  within the body. Such higher functions as memory
  and reasoning also occur in the brain.

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BODY SYSTEMS

• THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• The scattered organs known as endocrine glands
  are grouped together because they share a similar
  function. All produce special substances called
  HORMONES, which regulate such body activities as
  growth, food utilization within the cells, and
  reproduction. Example Thyroid and the pituitary
  glands

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BODY SYSTEMS

• THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• The heart and blood vessels make up the system
  that pumps blood to all the body tissues,
  bringing with it nutrients, oxygen, and other
  substances and carrying away waste materials.
  Lymphatic vessels play an important auxiliary
  role in circulation.

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BODY SYSTEMS

• THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
• This system includes the lungs and the passages
  leading to the lungs. The purpose of this system
  is to take in air and send it for gas exchange.
  Oxygen passes from the air into the blood and is
  carried to all tissues by the circulatory system.
  Carbon dioxide is taken back to lungs to be
  expelled.

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BODY SYSTEMS

• THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• all the organs that are involved with taking in
  food and converting it into substances that body
  cells can use. Ex of these organs are the mouth,
  esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, and
  pancreas.

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BODY SYSTEMS

• THE URINARY SYSTEM (EXCRETORY)
• main components are the kidneys, the ureters, the
  bladder, and the urethra. Its chief purpose is
  to rid the body of waste products and excess
  water. (Note that other waste products are
  removed by the digestive and respiratory systems
  and by the skin.)

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BODY SYSTEMS

• THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• This system includes the external sex organs and
  all related internal structures that are
  concerned with the production of offspring.
• FEMALES ovaries uterus
• MALES testes, prostate gland

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HOMEOSTASIS

• a state of balance within the organism.
• body temperature, body fluids, heart rate,
  respiratory rate, and blood pressure must be kept
  within set limits to maintain health. This
  steady state within the organism is called
  HOMEOSTASIS , which literally means staying the
  same.
• Affected by 2 kinds of changes
• Internal taking in a meal
• External being outside on a hot day

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Negative Feedback Mechanism

• Homeostasis is maintained by the feedback of
  information.
• Sensors monitor internal conditions and bring
  them back to normal when they shift, much as a
  thermostat regulates the temperature of a house
  to a set level. Because each change, up or down,
  must be REVERSED to restore the norm, this
  mechanism is described as negative feedback.
• Example see fig 1-3A

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Positive Feedback Mechanism

• Not as common in the body as the negative type.
• Requires an external brake to stop the process.
• See fig 1-3B

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DESCRIPTIVE TERMS

• SEE TABLE 1-2
• Will help in all aspects of nursing in order to
  be able to communicate with other health care
  workers

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DIRECTIONS IN THE BODY

• When describing relative locations in the body it
  is assumed to be in the anatomic position
• upright with face front, arms at the sides with
  palms forward, and feet parallel. See figure 1-4

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• SUPERIORa term meaning above, or in the higher
  position.
• INFERIORmeans below, or lower.
• VENTRAL (ANTERIOR)---located toward the belly
  surface or front of the body.
• DORSAL (POSTERIOR)locations nearer the back

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• MEDIAL- toward the midline
• LATERAL- farther away from the midline, toward
  the side.

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DIRECTIONAL TERMS

• PROXIMALnearer the origin of a structure
• DISTALfarther from the point of origin of a
  structure
• See table 1-3

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PLANES OF DIVISION

• For convenience in visualizing the spatial
  relations of various body structures to each
  other, anatomists have divided the body into
  three imaginary planes, each of which is a cut
  through the body in a different direction.
• Figure 1-6

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PLANES OF DIVISION

• THE SAGITTAL PLANE Divides the body in two,
  separating it into right and left portions, these
  sections are sagittal sections.
• A cut exactly down the midline of the body,
  separating it into equal right and left halves,
  is a MIDSAGITTAL section.

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PLANES OF DIVISION

• THE FRONTAL PLANE If the cut were made in line
  with the ears and then down the middle of the
  body, creating a front and a rear portion, you
  would see a front (anterior or ventral) section
  and a rear (posterior or dorsal) section.

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PLANES OF DIVISION

• THE TRANSVERSE PLANE horizontally, across the
  other two planes, would divide the body into an
  upper (superior) part and a lower (inferior)
  part.

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BODY CAVITIES fig. 1-5

• DORSAL CAVITYhas two regions
• The cranial cavitycontaining the brain
• The spinal cavityenclosing the spinal cord.
• These two areas form one continuous space

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BODY CAVITIES fig. 1-5

• VENTRAL CAVITYmuch larger than the dorsal
  cavity. It has 3 main regions, which are
  separated by the diaphragm, a muscle used in
  breathing.
• Thoracic cavityis located above the diaphragm.
  Its contents include the heart, the lungs, and
  the large blood vessels that join the heart.
• Abdominal cavity contains the liver, stomach
  intestines
• Pelvic cavity - contains urinary bladder
  reproductive organs.

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AREAS OF THE ABDOMEN

• Fig 1-7
• 9 AREAS not as commonly used
• FOUR QUADRANTS- a transverse plane a
  midsagittal plane that cross at the umbilicus
  will divide the abdomen into the 4 quadrants