Industrial Revolution: 17501900

1
Industrial Revolution 1750-1900

• Exploitation of Energy
• Novelty lay not in inventions but in the
  readiness of practical men to put their minds to
  using science and technology
• Science goes from the theoretical to the
  practical and applied
• Experimentation is key to success
• The mill became the symbol of social energies
  that were destroying the very course of nature
• Goal to make labor more productive thus creates
  exploitive relationship

2
Necessary Conditions

• Labor
• Large reserves of rural and immigration labor
  available
• Capital
• From colonial and imperial adventures
• Resources
• Raw materials from colonies and increased
  agricultural production

3
The Laborer

• Pre-Industrial
• Large familiy with peasant holdings
• Worked to supplement household income
• Cottage industry used entire family
• Supply of material determined production
• Servant relationship with employer
• Variation of weather, season and task led to
  diversity of labor performed
• Labor primarily performed in country

• Industrial
• Smaller family
• Income now from one source
• Family split between factory and home
• Machine determines production
• Exploitive, non-personal relationship with
  employer
• Weather no longer determines routine but employer
• Labor primarily performed in city

4
Effects of Industrial Progress

• Increased productivity of labor so that vastly
  greater markets required to afford employment of
  the same number of persons
• Largely undermined position of skilled workers in
  certain trades because their work could be done
  now by machines operated by unskilled women and
  children
• Poor Laws become permanent fixture
• Segregation of sexes in factories, and eventually
  in the poorhouses, for different functions per
  sex
• Machines revolutionized actual method of
  production
• Concentrated workers and their homes close to the
  mill/factory site
• Overhead cost is born
• This cost must be spread over the greatest
  possible quantity of labor
• The machine, which costs money, must earn its
  keep by being kept in full use.
• Laborer is now replaced as he wears out because
  the tool is more expensive than he is.
• Health of worker becomes issue
• Crime and Mortality rates increase
• Political power shifts from landholder to
  industrialist

5
The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain

• Three Phases
• 1789-1801
• 1801-1848
• 1848-1870s

6
Characteristics

• By 1830s half of the entire labor force in
  English cotton mills were under the age of 21 and
  more than half of the adults were women
• Children could often find work when their fathers
  could not.
• Thus economic motive for increasing size of
  families
• Adults increasingly displaced by their own
  children.
• Indenturing children becomes common
• Landowner ceases to dominate social structure
• Factory owner dominates social structure

7
Adam Smith on making a pin

• One man draws out the wire another straights
  it a third cuts it a fourth points it a fifth
  grinds it at the top for receiving the head to
  make the head requires two or three distinct
  operations to put it on is a peculiar business
  to whiten the pin is another it is even a trade
  by itself to put them into the paper and the
  important business of making a pin is in this
  manner divided into about 18 distinct operations,
  which in some manufactories are all performed by
  distinct hands though in others the same man
  will sometimes perform two or three of them

8
Post 1848

• Change in position of capitalism post 1848
• Up until 1848 there were severe shortages of
  capital (One of the 3 necessary elements for
  technological growth.)
• Capital now secured through state
• Bank Charter Act of 1844
• Secured loans begin with limited liability to the
  shareholders thus enabling industrial capitalists
  to raise large sums of money
• State begins to solve technical problems
• Peasant tradition replaced with industrial
  laborer
• Creates working-class consciousness

9
Mass Production

• Technique of producing large quantities of goods
  at low cost per unit through a systematic
  arrangement of men and machines
• Standardization of Product
• Interchangeability of parts
• Precision tooling so parts will universally fit
• Mechanization of manufacturing process to achieve
  a high volume of output
• Synchronization of the flow of raw materials to
  the machines and the flow of output from the
  machine
• Continuity both for the elimination of the waste
  of motion and to maintain a smooth flow of
  materials
• Supervision required for each step

10
In America

• Primarily two phases
• Pre Civil-War
• Post Civil-War
• Mass production becomes logical outcome
• Standardization and interchangeability of parts
• Assembly-line production and mentality

11
Lowell Mill Example, Pre Civil-War

• Labor primarily young, single women from
  surrounding New England countryside
• Entered and left mills frequently
• Resided in boarding houses maintained by employer
• Ages of initial employees
• Under 15 14.3
• 15-19 46.2
• 20-24 25.2
• 25-29 9.2
• 30 5

12
Lowell Mill Example, Pre Civil-War

• Mill owners adopted unified set of policies among
  the different factories
• Shared water power rights, technological
  developments, labor policies and marketing
  strategies
• Mill architecture, organization and technology of
  production and the regulations for workers
  virtually identical between all the mills
• Mills in Lowell owned and directed by narrow
  circle of capitalists
• Companies across US look to Lowell as model
• Overriding concern of management was control over
  manufacturing process through the use of the
  machine and control of the workforce through
  supervision and regulation
• Paid identical wages, set same work hours

13
Lowell Mill Example, Pre Civil-War

• Working-class consciousness develops
• Work stoppages
• Workers eventually replaced with hungry
  immigrants (primarily Irish)
• Thus 5 types of workers emerge from early
  Industrial Revolution in America
• Proletariat Product of changes in manufacturing
  and are industrial workers engaged in working up
  raw materials.
• Workers engaged in production of raw materials
  and fuel
• Farm Laborers
• Irish Immigrants
• Slaves

14
Civil War and then Some

• Growth of Railroad totally disrupted notions of
  time and space (time-space convergence)
• As factory and mill tore away at the social
  fabric of peoples lives so too did the notion of
  traveling at great distances and speeds
• Combined scientists, statesmen and capitalists in
  promoting progress
• Once train appeared, the machine seemed
  unrelenting in its advancing dominion over the
  landscape
• Populations of industrialized world accommodated
  themselves to this progress instead of the other
  way around

15
Civil War Mass Production

• Railroads
• Artillery
• Medicine
• Two inventions changed the Civil War
• Percussion Cap A detonating device for the
  rifled musket
• Chloroform

16
Railroads

• Began as a public promotion of a private
  enterprise in the guise of progress
• War with Mexico used as rationale for need to
  expand railroad
• Throughout 1860s and forward, state and federal
  dollars funded railroads in light of defense and
  national growth
• Second largest industry (to agriculture) on the
  eve of the Civil War

17
Problems to Solve

• Labor
• Iron
• Iron-Rail Production
• Capital
• Railway argument became microcosm for the many
  issues that beset the national character prior to
  the War
• The Civil War becomes a catalyst for the
  standardization of railways, tracks and other
  parts
• (Remember the 6 components of mass production)

18
Artillery in the Civil War

• Gettysburg not a tribute to the end of slavery
  but a monument to the growth of technology, the
  death of humans due to their inefficiency
• Cannons
• Size of bore
• Type of Bore
• Meaning of Weapons
• Mostly made of bronze (AKA brass), cast iron,
  wrought iron, steel or a combination
• Howitzers Shorter barrels
• Mortar Stubby weapons designed to project large
  shells with light charges of powder for high
  trajectory
• Columbiad Combination of both
• How a weapon was used played in the evolution of
  the weapon (in the mountains, seacoast)
• Cannon carriages invented to carry the weapons
  when the weapons got bigger than the people who
  used them

19
Medicine in the Civil War

• Medical Revolution
• Awareness of Public Health
• Nursing, Dentistry and Pharmaceuticals
  experiences renaissance
• Money and science poured into these activities

20
Needs for Medical Progress in Civil War

• Approximately 620,00 men dead
• 360,000 in the North and 260,000 in the South
• 1 in4 had a chance of returning home alive (In
  Korean Conflict it was 1 in 126)
• Disease greatest killer of the war
• In the North 3 of 5 died from disease and in the
  South 2 of 3 died from disease
• Rifled musket was chief inflictor of injury,
  94,000 in South and 110,000 in North dead from
  battle wounds

21
Civil War as Experiment for Medicine

• Regimental Doctors paid by their own regiment
• Treatment stations 10 miles from battle sight
• Ambulances and stretcher bearers unorganized and
  untrained
• Thus, characteristics of mass production applied
  to Medicine in Civil War

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From Wikpedia.org