Cancer

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Cancer
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• Cancer Abnormal cell division
• Tumor, growth, or neoplasm

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Tumors can be

• Malignant- cancerous

• Benign- non- cancerous

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Common characteristics of malignant tumors

• Hyperplasia- uncontrolled cell reproduction
• Dedifferentiation- loss of specialized structure
  and function
• Metastasis- tendency to spread into other tissue

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• Oncology- the study of tumors

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• Cancers are classified by their microscopic
  appearance and the body site from which they
  arise
• The name of the cancer is derived from the tissue
  in which it develops

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• The majority of human cancers are carcinomas,
  they arise from epithelial tissue

Colon cancer
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• Melanomas are cancerous growths of melanocytes in
  the skin

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• Sarcoma is a general term for cancer arising from
  muscle cells or connective tissue

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• Leukemia is cancer of blood- forming organs

mitosis
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• Lymphoma is malignant disease of lymphatic
  tissue, for example, lymph nodes

Hodgkin's lymphoma
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Causes of Cancer

• Carcinogens- chemicals or environmental agents
  known to produce cancer

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• Viruses

Human papilloma virus (HPV)
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• Too much mitosis or too little apoptosis

Apoptosis
Mitosis
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All cancers are of genetic origin

• Germ line- Mendelian inherited- (single gene)-
  5-10

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• Non-inherited- somatic mutations

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• Familial- inherited
• Increase of susceptibility
• Multifactorial- many genes
• Environment
• Other genes (repair)

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Normal Genes
Cancer Genes
Mutation

• Go Mutation (1)
• Proto Oncogenes
• Oncogenes
• 2. Stop Mutation (2)
• Suppressor mutant
• genes suppressor
• 3. Genes that recognize DNA errors and repair or
  halt cell cycle (apoptosis)
• Repair Mutation (3)
• Genes abnormal
• repair
• genes

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Examples of cancer genes

• 1993- APC Suppressor Colon
• P53
  Supressor Various
• 1994 P16 Suppressor Melanoma
• 1995 HNPCC Repair Colon
• AT Repair Various
• 1996 HPC1 Oncogene Prostate
• BRCA1-2 Suppressor Breast
• 1997 B-CAT Oncogene Colon
• PTEN Suppressor Brain
• Breast
• Colon
• 1998 P73 Suppressor Nerve