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Basic Grammar for Language Classes

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Subjective/Nominative. He hit the ball. He is a musician. Note the cases in pronouns: ... If yes', it's nominative. if a word shows ownership, then it's possessive ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Basic Grammar for Language Classes


1
Basic Grammarfor Language Classes
2
Are you ready for some ACTION? Okay, what is
a verb?
  • Its the working part of a sentence, mostly
    action words
  • physical Action run, ski, cut
  • Mental Action dream, hope
  • not only actions but states of being be,
    appear, seem, become

3
Action verbs are INtransitive or transitive
  • Intransitive means without direct objects
  • Cyrus stood by the lacrosse goal.
  • Transitive means a direct object is used
  • Cyrus took Biology with mr. ODay
  • Some verbs use direct objects or not
  • cyrus ran a fast break. (transitive)
  • cyrus was running fast. (intransitive)

4
Verbs often have word order preferences
  • a command
  • Eat your food!
  • vo
  • Verb, object
  • A statement
  • We eat food.
  • SVO
  • Subject, Verb, Object
  • A question
  • Are you ready?
  • Verb, subject,
  • predicate

5
What is an Infinitive?
  • The word to before the verb makes an infinitive
  • Present infinitive to laugh
  • Perfect infinitive to have laughed
  • It often completes another verb
  • We want to watch a movie.
  • We are able to get tickets.

6
Infinitives are verbal nouns
  • As nouns They are
  • Subjects To see is to believe.
  • Direct objects We like to paint.
  • Subject complements To see is to believe.

7
Do you know your conjugations?
  • Conjugations are groups of verbs that share a
    pattern of endings
  • Conjugations are a pattern of verb endings that
    show the 6 personal subjects
  • Personal Subjects
  • sing. pl.
  • 1st person I we
  • 2nd person you you
  • 3rd person he they
  • she
  • it

8
A tense situation what up? Tense means
time
  • English grammar
  • Present I swim
  • Past I swam
  • Future I shall swim
  • Has 6 tenses
  • perfect
  • I have swum
  • Past perfect
  • I had swum
  • Future perfect
  • I shall have swum

9
some verbs help to form various tenses of other
verbs Auxiliary means helping
  • The soldier did cross the river.
  • A soldier is watching the bridge.
  • Someone has destroyed the bridge.

10
What are Nouns anyway?
  • Persons
  • Places
  • Things
  • Ideas

11
Do you know gender???
  • It might be
  • Masculine,
  • Feminine,
  • Neuter,
  • You know

12
What is number?
  • Singular
  • Masculine,
  • Feminine,
  • Neuter
  • N.B. English has no gender
  • Plural
  • Masculine,
  • Feminine,
  • Neuter
  • N.B. english plurals are s, -es

13
Do you know your articles?
  • Definitely
  • the
  • Not so Definitely
  • a, an

articles point to a person, place, thing, idea.
A or an are indefinite they do not refer to
specific things. the is a definite article.
14
What is the Case of Nouns, Pronouns?
  • Possessive
  • His job is difficult.
  • Objective
  • He sang it to them.
  • Subjective/Nominative
  • He hit the ball.
  • He is a musician.

15
Note the cases in pronounsPossessive objective s
ubjective
  • his him he
  • her her she
  • its it it
  • our us we
  • your you you
  • their them they
  • whose whom who

16
Case shows Function. Is a word the subject? If
yes, its nominativeif a word shows
ownership, then its possessiveIf a word
receives action from a verb, its objective case.
17
what objects receive action?
  • Direct objects
  • What? or whom? after the action of a verb
  • Indirect objects
  • To whom, for whom, to what, for what the action
    is done
  • Objects of prepositions
  • Answers preposition what or whom

18
now What about a Pronoun?
  • Its a placeholder, replacing a noun .
  • Personal- I, Me, You, she, we
  • Reflexive- same as the subject I cut myself.
  • Interrogative- makes questions who,what?
  • Demonstrative- points to things, people
  • this, that (singular), these, those (plural)
  • Relative- refers to an earlier noun / pronoun
    who, whose, whom, which, that
  • I saw the play that you were in.

19
Whats the function of a conjunction?
  • Introduce a clause
  • Link two clauses
  • Join any two words
  • Two kinds of conjunctions
  • Coordinating and, but, or,
  • nor, yet,
    for
  • Subordinating because, although,
    while, unless, if, until,
  • (so) that, whenever

20
Clauses are expressions with both a subject and
verb
  • Dependent clauses do not stand alone
  • Subordinate conjunctions introduce dependent
    ideas
  • until, whenever, (so) that, if, unless, while,
    although, because, since
  • Independent clauses express main ideas

21
Adjectives are descriptive of qualities and
conditions
  • foreign languages are different than English
    because
  • Other languages require adjective noun
    agreement
  • in number, case, gender
  • Sp. casa blanca Fr. la maison blanche

22
When things are compared, adjectives use special
forms
  • when comparing 2 things, adjectives use the er
    ending
  • John is taller than Aaron.
  • Aaron is taller than pat.
  • a quality in the greatest degree, uses
    superlative adjectives
  • John is the tallest in class.
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