Ocean Observing System

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Ocean Observing System of the Indian Ocean
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Goal

• Systematic, Scientific,
• long-term, time-series, real-time
• better understanding
• Contribute to operational weather forecast
• offshore developments

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Rationale
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Schott and McCreary (2001)
July-August
January-February

• Major currents of the south Indian Ocean
• Open-ocean currents
• South Equatorial Current (SEC) 50 Sv
• Western Boundary Currents
• NEMC, SEMC, EACC, Mozambique and Agulhas
• Eastern Boundary Current
• Leeuwin Current

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Indian Ocean
Western Pacific
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Observation Platforms
Surface Drifters Moored Buoys
CTD/XBTs Research Ships
Current meter array Acoustic Tide Gauge
Argo Floats Coastal Radars
Gliders/Aeroclipper AUVs
Satellite Based Observations
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Partnership for Existing Project
Coastal Radars (10) Bottom Pressure records (10)
3 Arrays
INCOIS
NIOT, Chennai
NIO, Goa
NIO, Goa
NIO, Goa
SOI NIOT
A Fleet of Research Vessels
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Present status of drifting buoys, XBT and Current
meter moorings

• 18 Active drifters (8 deployed)
• 3 current meter moorings
• (Servicing and deployment)
• 16 XBT cruise
• BoB- 12 (162 profile)
• Laksha 5 (59 profile)

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Dissemination Utility
GTS
Real-time
Immarsat/ARGOS
Real-time
Delayed mode
Ocean Portal/FTP
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Gerry storm track
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Depression
-10
Tropical storm
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cyclone-1
-12
cyclone-3
-14
8th
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-16
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-18
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12
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Latitude
-20
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First intense TC of the season Peak wind 130
kts Min pressure 938 mb
-22
50
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-24
-26
15th
Before storm
-28
After storm
-30
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Longitude
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EXISTING PROPOSED
GARDEN REACH DIAMOND HARBOUR HALDIA SAGAR
MAGDALLA
CHANDIPUR
VERAVAL
JAIGARH
NIZAMPATNAM
AERIAL BAY
ENNORE
PONDICHERRY
BEYPORE
ANDROTH
RAMESHWARAM
KANNIYAKUMARI
CAMPBELL BAY
EXISTING TIDE GAUGE STATIONS
PROPOSED TIDE GAUGE STATIONS
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XBT Lines
XBT
Ships of Opportunity
XBT observations for Long Term monitoring of
upper ocean thermal fields in the seas around
India
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Depth of 20 deg isotherm Longitudinal (Bay of
Bengal)
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Monthly mean surface currents (20x20 analysis
updated through 2002)
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Comparison of Model and Observed V at 93E 83E
Biweekly mode (10-20 day period) variability in
meridional velocity. This mode is well resolved
in the OGCM results. Sengupta et al. 2004. J.
Geophy. Res., 109
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Data Buoy Observation During Bay of Bengal
Cyclone in October 2005
The insitu time series observations at every
three hour has been disseminated to IMD, Navy, CG
and INCOIS. Also the data is provided to world
community through GTS by IMD
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Buoy Observations of Cyclone BAAZ in Bay of
Bengal During Nov-Dec 2005
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Data Sources and Estimated Data Flow
5 TB/Year
Real-time
CDs
Web
Hard Copy
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thank you
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Buoy Data Available Online
View of Buoy status and display of buoy data in
web

• Initially data dissemination was carried out
  through fax which was later upgraded to automated
  email.
• Presently buoy data is accessible online to the
  end users by keying a user name and password.
• Meta data availability is shown in the web.

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Meta Data Available Online
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Buoy Observations of Cyclone FANOOS in Bay of
Bengal During Dec 2005
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LCM Buoy
Design and development the Spar Buoy is
completed Deployed in NIOTs test Pond.
Height of the Buoy 2500mm Diameter of the Buoy
1200mm Total Height with mast 4500mm
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Argo The Global Profiling Float Project
2711/3000
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3 x 3
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Typical float mission

• Drifting Depth 1000 m Profiling Depth
  2000 m
• 10 Days Cycles

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2.4 m Polar Orbiting Tracking Antenna inside a
3.2 m Radome X/L-Band Feed
Satellite Data Acquisition and Processing System
Real time data acquisition from In-situ
Platforms Argo Floats, Drifting Buoys in the
Indian Ocean (5000 km dia) Remote Sensing
Satellites NOAA Series, Aqua Tera (MODIS),
Feng Yun, METOPS
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Application / Utility
OPERATIONAL
RESEARCH
Monsoon Prediction Cyclone Tracking Storm Surge
forecast Tsunami Warming System Environmental
Monitoring Naval operations Offshore
Developments Port Applications Coastal
Activities Fishery forecast

• Oceanography studies
• Fishery studies
• Ocean- atmospheric Models
• Validation of Satellite Data
• Climate Variability Studies
• IGBP- JGOFS/LOICZ
• INDOEX
• ARMEX
• BOBMEX

Potential Beneficiaries
Fishing Community
Ports and Harbours Off-shore Industry Shipping
Industry
Research Institutions Academia

Navy Coast Guards NHO
IMD Coastal States Pollution Control Boards
International Community
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ORV Sagar Kanya Cruise9 October-17 November 2004

• 41 Day Cruise
• 4 ATLAS 1 ADCP

PMEL in collaboration with the National Institute
of Oceanography (NIO) and the National Center for
Antarctic and Ocean Research (NCAOR), Goa, India.
Source McPhaden
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First Data fromIndian Ocean Mooringat 0,
80.5EDeployed22 October 2004
Source McPhaden
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Contribution of OOS moorings to the IndOOS
Subsurface mooring off coast of Java to be
deployed at the end of 2007 by China.
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http//www.incois.gov.in/Incois/iogoos/home_indoos
.jsp
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Draft Strategy for Indian Ocean Moored Buoy Array
First Session of CLIVAR/GOOS Indian Ocean
Panel 23-27 February 2004 Pune, India
Source McPhaden
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Argo Data Center

• National Argo data center
• (Acquisition of Argo data from CLS
  ARGOS/INCOIS antenna, processing, real-time QC,
  dissemination to GDAC and INCOIS website)
• Regional Argo data center
• Acquisition of Argo data from GDAC other than
  Indian floats, real-time QC and made available at
  INCOIS web based services
• Preparation of Indian ocean hydrology
• Delayed mode Quality control
• Value added products

Global GODAE CORIOLIS
Regional (Atlantic CORIOLIS, Indian INCOIS,
Pacific AOML and Southern BODC)
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Long-range Monsoon Prediction
2002
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Long-range Monsoon Prediction
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2002
2002
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Accomplishments during 2002-2003
EQUATOR, 93E 2002-03
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Weather Forecast (Cyclones)
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Drifting Buoy
Satellites
Moored Buoy

Profiling Floats (Argo)
Research Vessel
Platforms for Ocean Observation
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Salinity
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2002
2004
Levitus Climatology
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Temperature
2002
2003
2004
2005
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Salinity
2003
2002
2004
2005
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Weather Forecast (Cyclones)
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Temperature
2002
2003
2004
Levitus Climatology
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Needs

• Detecting and forecasting oceanic components of
  climate variability
• Facilitating safe and efficient marine operations
• National security
• Managing Living resources for sustainable use
• Preserving marine Ecosystems
• Mitigation of Natural Hazards
• Strengthening Education and improving knowledge

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Data used for the following Applications

• Cyclone genesis, intensity and track
• Understand the seasonal variability of Upper
  ocean
• Validation of altimeter (upper ocean heat
  content)
• Mixed layer dynamics of North Indian Ocean
• Summer cooling of Arabian Sea
• Water mass properties of Arabian Sea
• Surface currents

INCOIS, NIOT, IISc, NRSA, SAC, NCMRWF, C-MACCS,
IITM, NIO
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New Sensors and Platforms - XI plan

• Oxygen
• Rainfall and wind speed
• Chlorophyll

New Platform - Gliders
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GLIDERS

• Autonomous underwater vehicles
• Driven by variable buoyancy (no propeller).
• WINGS create lift and forward motion
• Sawtooth flight profile
• Navigates to seek GPS waypoints
• Two configurations
• Coastal (200db) and Deep Ocean (1500db)

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GLIDER Basic Specifications

• Weight 56 Kg 123 lb
• Hull Diameter 21.3 cm 8.38 in.
• Vehicle Length 1.5 meters 4.9 ft.
• Horizontal Speed 0.4m/sec 0.78 knots

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Glider Coastal Version

• Objectives
• Flexible Payload
• Deployment with 1-2 people
• Buoyancy Engine battery-powered
• Range 1500 km
• Endurance 30 days
• Depth range 4 - 200 m
• Communication line of sight, and global

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inshore gliders
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Tsunami and Storm Surges - Observational Network
Seismic Network
Bottom Pressure Recorders
Tide Guages
Complementary Observations
Network of 12 Deep Ocean Assessment and
Reporting Systems (DOARS) for detection of
Tsunami Waves
Network of 17 Seismic stations with Central
Receiving Stations at IMD Delhi and INCOIS,
Hyderabad for monitoring the seismic activity

• 5 Coastal Radars
• 2 Current Meter Moorings
• 26 Surface Drifters
• 2 XBT Lines
• Surface, Met-Ocean observing platforms
• Observations from other Systems on Internet

Network of 50 Tide Gauges for monitoring the
progress of Tsunami Waves
Buoy under Lab Test
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Development of Deep Ocean Tsunami Buoy System

• The buoy technology and expertise availabile
  in NIOT in enabled to develop and establish the
  tsunami detection system .

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Validation and Calibration sites

• Bay of Bengal Observatory
• Arabian Sea Observatory
• Instruments for satellite data validation
• (Radiation, chlorophyll, SST, Salinity, Rain,
  etc)

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Bay of Bengal Observatory

• To address the following scientific questions
• Bay of Bengal circulation, heat and freshwater
  balance
• Basin scale waves and wind driven circulation
• Upper ocean circulation driven by salinity
  gradients
• Air-sea interaction on diurnal to seasonal scales
• Interaction between the upper ocean and organised
  atmospheric convection - tropical convergence
  zone (TCZ), low pressure systems (LPS) and
  tropical cyclones.
• Model validation

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Platform and Sensors

• 3 moorings including radiation, Rain and
  temperature and salinity profile
• 10 drifters (SST, thermistor, AP)
• 10 Argo floats (T, S, Currents, O, chl)
• Current meter mooring (ADCP and RCM)
• Event based Gliders (currents, sal, temp)

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Ships of Opportunity

• Surface met parameters from AWS intalled onboard
  commercial, Coast guard, NHO, FSI vessels

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Possible ImpactsSynoptic - Tropical
cyclones Mesoscale - EddiesIntraseasonal
- Kelvin, Rosby waves/MJOSeasonal - Somali
jet, upwellingInterannual - ENSO/ IOD/NAO
Interdecadal - PDO
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Evolution

XBT, CTD
7th Plan 1982-92
8th Plan 1992-97
Drifters, Tide guage
9th Plan 1997-2002
Moored Buoys
Argo Floats, Current meters
10th Plan 2002-07