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History of Public Health in Russia

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Unfortunately the great strides in modern transportation accelerated the spread ... Gulf then north toward the Ottoman and Russian empires killing thousands by 1826. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: History of Public Health in Russia


1
History of Public Health in Russia
  • From 1800s to 1917

2
The first medical faculty was established in
1775at the University of Moscow.
Main buildings of the university in the Mokhovaya
Street, 1798.
3
Modern transportation cholera epidemic
  • Unfortunately the great strides in modern
    transportation accelerated the spread of cholera
    from India in 1816 to the ports of the
    Philippines, China, Japan, Persian Gulf then
    north toward the Ottoman and Russian empires
    killing thousands by 1826.

4
Early 19th Century Russia Alexander I, Nicholas
I, and the birth of revolutionary movement
5
Russia in the 1860s
  • Great reforms
  • Railway
  • Growth of industry
  • Commercial ties with the Orient

6
Freeing of serfs (1864)
  • Alexander II of Russia The great reformer

7
Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov
8
1870s-1880s
  • Zemstvo or community physicians idealistic young
    people who had studied at Russian Universities
    during the period of relative liberalism which
    marked the early years of the reign of Alexander
    II

9
Zemstvo Medicine
  • A system of primary rural medical and sanitary
    services which was funded out of government
    subsidies and zemstvo taxation (available on no
    fee basis)

10
Who was a zemstvo physician?
  • In modern terms, the best equivalent would be
    primary care provider.

11
Formation of Pirogov Society of Russian Physicians
12
1880s
  • S.P. Botkin recommended that Russia set up a
    powerful central administrative agency to direct
    public health affairs.

13
Bacteriological revolution (1880s)
  • History of I.I. Mechnikov
  • Diphtheria serum-1893/94
  • Bacteriology was now championed by community
    physicians who saw it a s tool to be used for the
    benefit of the people

14
Alexander III
  • Famine of 1891-92
  • Cholera epidemic 1892-93

15
From the memo of Professor N. A. Veliaminov, 1901
  • What is the sanitary state of Russia?-In
    comparison with the states of Western Europe, and
    even with our own Finland, it has to be admitted
    that it is dismal in the extreme the percentage
    mortality of the population is high, the average
    life expectancy is short, and there is a great
    amount of contagious, epidemic and endemic disease

16
1905
  • Making Russia Healthythe slogan of community
    physicians
  • Cholera congress

17
The opportunity for developing preventive
education work in connection with such a system
is practically unlimited We may therefore look
in the future, as zemstvo and municipal medicine
develop and acquire the educational and
preventive quality which is in accord with modern
progress, for unprecedented successes in the
control of preventable diseases in the great
sister Republic..
From the report of Charles Edward Amory Winslow,
APHA, 1917
18
Community Medicine in Dissaray 1907-1914
  • Stolypin and his reforms

19
1918
  • Establishment of Narkomzdrav, Centralized public
    health/medical system

20
What was happening after 1917?
  • In 1925, the Pirogov Society was forced to
    disband and the Hippocratic Oath was abandoned

21
Summary
  • Historically, Russian medical system was
    intertwined with the political situation in the
    county
  • At the end of the 19th century, Russias system
    of zemstvo medicine provided a very good
    foundation for preventive care
  • Zemstvo physicians became a powerful force in the
    early 20th century
  • With the revolution of 1917, Russian medical
    system started to change rapidly with different
    theories existing about the fate of zemstvo
    medicine
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