Embodiment I:

1
Embodiment I The Artificial Intelligence
Perspective
Brian R. Duffy Gina Joue
2
Science Reality

• As far as the laws of mathematics refer to
  reality, they are not certain as far as they are
  certain, they do not refer to reality (Einstein)

3
Artificial Intelligence

• What is Artificial Intelligence?
• The science of making machines do things that
  would require intelligence if done by people
  (Minsky, 1968)

4
Mind Body in AI

• Descartes
• Mind is distinct from body
• Heidegger
• We function in the world by simply being a part
  of it
• Clarke
• mind, body and world act as equal partners

5
Classical Artificial Intelligence

• Physical Symbol System Hypothesis
• Formal symbol manipulation is both a necessary
  and sufficient mechanism for general intelligent
  behaviour (Newell Simon, 1957)
• Computational Representational Understanding of
  Mind
• Thinking can best be understood in terms of
  representational structures in the mind and
  computational procedures that operate on those
  structures (Thagard, 1996)

6
Classical Artificial Intelligence

• A classical DELIBERATIVE control approach

- Increasing computational effort
7
Classical Artificial Intelligence

• Shakey Nilsson, 1969

• It failed.
• the principle drawback of the classical view is
  that explicit reasoning about the effects of
  low-level actions is too expensive to generate
  real-time behaviour Russell Norvig, 1995

8
New Artificial Intelligence

• Reactive vs. Representational
• Emergent approaches (implicit)
• Braitenburg vehicles
• swarming, flocking
• Behavioural approaches (explicit)
• Brooks, Steels
• Physical Embodiment

9
New Artificial Intelligence

• A behaviour-based REACTIVE control approach

- Subsumption architecture Brooks, 1986
10
New Artificial Intelligence

• Ghengus/Hannibal???

• It didnt fail.
• But did it succeed?
• Very simple solutions to unasked questions?
• Emergent intelligence?

11
The Question of Embodiment

• From simulation and theory to the real world

control architecture actuators perceptors
real world ________________ Artificial
Intelligence?
12
Embodiment Issues

• Sharkey Ziemke
• Living systems are not the same as machines made
  by humans as some of the mechanistic theories
  would suggest
• sometimes it is unclear in the literature
  whether it is the controller that is embodied in
  the robot or the robot that is embodied in the
  world

13
Embodiment Issues

• Dautenhahn Christaller
• development of a conception of the body, which
  is generally discussed as the acquisition of a
  body image or body schema, is necessary for
  embodied cognition
• Varela, Thompson Rosch
• Cognition depends on experience by a body with
  various perceptual and motor capacities. The body
  in turn is embedded within physical and social
  environments and situations that motivate thought
  and action

14
Embodiment in Robotics

• Classical AI
• Building Brains
• New AI
• Building Bodies for Brains
• Social Robotics
• Building Buddies for Bodies for Brains

15
Biological vs. Mechanistic

• Autopoietic self-creating
• Biological systems
• Self maintaining / self adaptation
• Self reproducing
• What happens to it happens in it and through it
• Allopoietic
• Mechanistic concatenation of processes
• Independent components plugged together
• Integration is constrained

16
Strong Embodiment

• ON-World Allopoietic
• control architecture actuators perceptors
  real world ? Artificial Intelligence!
• IN-World Autopoietic
• Learning
• bootstrapping, efficiency,
• Adaptation
• reactive / reflexive, internal external,
  behavioural plasticity

17
Embodiment in Robotics
18
Stronger notion of Embodiment in AI

• Fundamentals
• Physical
• Social
• Features of the system
• Adaptive Evolvable hardware / software
• Reactive deliberative control
• Learning plastic elastic
• Identity / notion of self
• Social functionality Communication

19
Conclusion

• Understanding Intelligence requires embodiment
• Embodiment must be understood
• Too much ambiguity exists Terminology /
  Interpretations / Misinterpretations
• Is Artificial Intelligence an oxymoron?