Helmer Fjellvg

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Helmer Fjellvåg
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Helmer Fjellvåg

• Professor, University of Oslo

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Helmer Fjellvåg

• Overview of Norwegian Research on Materials
  Technology for Energy Applications

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Academic institutions University of
Oslo Norwegian University of Science and
Technology, Trondheim
Applied research institutes SINTEF (in Oslo and
Trondheim) Institute for energy technology (25
km N of Oslo)
Major companies Norsk Hydro Statoil Elkem
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Natural resources energy oil and gas
Hydropower 113 TWh (1997)
Clean energy
Process industry
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Structural materials(constructions)
Cars, aeroplanes, reactors, tubes, platforms,...
Light metals Aluminium Magnesium
Offshore constructions Steel Concrete
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Light materials in transportation sector
Weight reduction ? reduced fuel consumption
reduced emissions
Exchange of steel components in e.g. cars by
aluminium components by polymer components
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Energy perspective
Fossil fuels remain most important in near future
(30-50 y) New energy sources not expected on
global scale toprovide major contributions in a
30 y perspective Of fossil energy
sources, natural gas is most environmental
friendly
1600
1200
Exajoules
800
400
0
1860
1900
1940
1980
2020
2060
2100
Traditional bio
Fossil
Nuclear
Hydro-electric
Renewable
Unknown
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Present energy technologyin Norway
Energy sources
100 years
Fossil
Renewable
Hydropower
Oil, gas
Production/conversion
Distribution net for stationary users
Refinary Oil/gas industry
Storage
Hydrocarbons
Transport Conversion
20-40 efficiency CO2 NOx
Use
Motors Heat Electricity
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Energy technology of the future
Environmental friendly clean
energy sun wind waves
Emissions
Global climate Local climate
Research at intersection between energy and
environmental technology
Materials technology of highest importance
Materials for solar cells Oxides for energy
applications
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New energy technology
Energy sources
Gas separation Membranes Catalysis CO2-removal H2-
technology
Hydropower Sun, wind, wave
Gas
Solar cells Photolysis Electrolysis
Development hydrogen technology 2000
-------------------------------gt 2100
Storage
Gas/liquid fuel
Sustainable Efficient Environmental and
climate friendly
Hydrogen
Improved efficiency Reduced emissions CO2 and
NOx
Fuel cells
SOFC
PEM
USE
Electromotors Heat Electricity
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New materials - the clue to new solutions
High Tc
Oxygen membranes
structure
yield
properties
stability
CMR SOFC
Ferroelectrics
ABO3 oxides perovskites
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Natural gas as energy source
Exchange of coal and oil by more environmental
friendly natural gas Natural gas for use in fuel
cells Natural gas as source for hydrogen (or
hydrogen carriers)
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Catalysts for gas conversionThe UOP/Hydro
Methanol To Olefins Process
Gas To Olefins (GTO)
Natural Gas
Olefins Synthesis
Methanol Synthesis
Ethylene Propylene
Synthesis Gas Production
MTO
Methanol
Syn.Gas to MeOH
By-products
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MTO Reactions
Butenes
The unique pore size allows selective conversion
to olefins and excludes heavier compounds
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Catalysts for gas conversionThe Linde, Statoil,
Borealis Propane DeHydrogenation process
Propane C3H8
Propylene C3H6 H2
Hydrotalcite catalyst impregnation Pt, Sn
Heat
(Mg,Al)O support
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Clean energy by means of advanced materials
Water primary energy sources
Hydrogen oxygen --gt water
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Hydrogen as energy carrier
Material challenges
Gas reforming Synthesis gas Pyrolysis Electrolysi
s Photolysis
Catalysts Alloys for reactors
Production
Metal hydrides Carbon Microporous materials
Pressurized gas Liquid Solid absorbers
Storage
Fuel cells Combustion
H2 1/2O2 ? H2O
Use
Fuel cells Membranes Catalysts
Chemical energy ? heat ? electrical energy
Hydrogen society
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Hydrogen storage materials
High H-mass density High H-volume
density Appropriate p,T stability Reversible
absorption/desorption
metal hydrides carbon based materials micorporous
materials
Metal hydride forming elements Rule of 2 Å for
H-H separation
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Oxides for energy technology
Oxygen permeable membranes (ceramic
membranes) dense materials oxygen transport by
atomic diffusion infinite O2 selectivity
operation at high temperatures
Mixed conductors electron and oxygen ion
transport chemical stability thermal and
chemical expansion
Purification of air for use in oxidation
processes ultra clean syngas production (NOx
reduction) GTL lowering of greenhouse gas
emissions CH4, CO2
Related materials used in SOFC of interest as
high Tc, CMR, etc
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Materials for oxygen permeable membranes
H2O CH4
Air
O2
O2-
Membrane
2e-
xH2 CO
N2
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GTL - Ceramic Membrane Process
CO2
Net Process Yield
CH4
Syngas Reactor
FT Reactor
Separation / Upgrading
Air
Nat Gas / Steam
Liquid Products
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High TemperatureSolid State Proton Conductors

• Applications
• Fuel cells
• Dehydrogenation pumps
• Steam electrolyzers
• Sensors (H2O, H2)

Mixed Proton Electron Conductors as hydrogen
separation membranes - Natural gas to syngas -
Hydrogen extraction
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Carbon dioxide absorption, separation and
sequestration
Oxygen air
Fossil source
Carbon dioxide formation
Chemical energy conversion
Low-temperature absorption (post-capture of
CO2) traditional scrubbers liquid amines
(offshore) carbon fibers new materials CO2
removal before combustion high-temperature
membranes high-temperature absorption
In the North Sea 150 gas turbines 50 platforms
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Si-based solar cells
Efficiency Costs Feedstock - availabilty Purity
requirements SoG-Si
Si-production ELKEM Solar silicon
Solar cell panels SolEnergy
Wafers Scanwafer
Solar cells ScanCell
Research education
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Production of SoG-Si solar grade silicon
Prices in US/kg Si
0.03 1


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Metallurgical Grade Silicon
Quartz
EG-Si
)
MG-Si
(SiO2)
Primary process

Siemens process
Silicon for electronics
SoG-Si
Feedstock limitations from EG scrap
Carbon
Current process

Quartz
(SiO2)
Primary process
New SoG-Si process
SoG-Si
Carbon
MG-Si


Direct route to Solar Grade Si
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Superconductor research
NTNU Trondheim
UiO Oslo
Basic research
Fundamental understanding Theory and experiments
Visualization of electric currents Magnetooptical
active oxide thin films
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First MO-Image of individual flux quanta
Sample NbSe2, T 4.3 K Magnetic field 0.5 G
(earth field)
University of Oslo, March 3, 2001
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Materialsfor new energy technology
Microporous materials Mixed conductors
Catalysts Solid ionic conductors Electrode-
materialc
Semiconductors for solar cells and photolysis Na
no-electro- catalysts Metal hydrides Carbon
Microporous materials Ion conducting polymers
Energy sources
Hydropower Sun, wind, waves
Gas
Hydrogen technology
Storage
Gas/liquid fuel
Hydrogen
Fuel cells
SOFC
PEM
Higher efficiency Reduced Emissions of CO2 and
NOx
Sun water (El water gas)
Use
Electromotors Heat Electricity
zero emission
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Summary
Materials for energy and environmental technology
Main research focuses in Norway renewable
energy sources clean use of natural
gas light constructions
Solar cells Hydrogen storage Catalysts Membran
es Al/Mg alloys Polymers/composites